Interoceptive predictions in the brain
Open accessAbstract
Intuition suggests that perception follows sensation and therefore bodily feelings originate in the body. However, recent evidence goes against this logic: interoceptive experience may largely reflect limbic predictions about the expected state of the body that are constrained by ascending visceral sensations. In this Opinion article, we introduce the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model, which integrates an anatomical model of corticocortical connections with Bayesian active inference principles, to propose that agranular visceromotor cortices contribute to interoception by issuing interoceptive predictions. We then discuss how disruptions in interoceptive predictions could function as a common vulnerability for mental and physical illness.
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Barrett and Simmons (2015) identified the periaqueductal gray as a key midbrain structure for receiving interoceptive information from within the body.
“Barrett and Simmons (2015) identified previously the periaqueductal gray as a key midbrain structure for receiving interoceptive information from within the body (also see Wiens, 2005).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
In “The interoceptive system” (page unavailable), the paper places the periaqueductal grey in a descending pathway from visceromotor cortex toward the spinal cord. It describes signals from the body ascending through other structures, not the periaqueductal grey. Thus, its account does not identify that structure as a key recipient of interoceptive information from the body. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInteroceptive signals indicating physiological deviation (prediction error) from homeostatic limits have obvious adaptive significance (e.g., thermoregulation).
“Similarly, interoceptive signals indicating physiological deviation (prediction error) from homeostatic limits have obvious adaptive significance (e.g., thermoregulation) (Barrett and Simmons, 2015;Seth and Friston, 2016).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The Abstract identifies temperature as an interoceptive sensation, and ‘Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction’ links interoceptive prediction errors to homeostatic control. But the Conclusion defines prediction errors as failures of predictions to account for incoming sensations, not specifically as physiological deviations from homeostatic limits; the paper does not give thermoregulation as an example here. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrediction errors in interoceptive signaling extend closed-loop homeostatic reflex control to modify emotional response programs to better accomplish output goals and underpin affective feelings states.
“Prediction errors in interoceptive signaling thus extends closed-loop homeostatic reflex control to modify emotional response programs to better accomplish output goals and underpin affective feelings states.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
In “Prediction error in agranular cortex,” the paper proposes that interoceptive prediction errors can lead visceromotor regions to change their outputs to the body. “Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction” links interoception to affective properties of experience. The paper does not specifically describe this as extending closed-loop reflex control to modify emotional response programs toward output goals, and it presents the mechanism as a model rather than an established result. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese feelings arise from integrative representation of (conscious and unconscious) afferent interoceptive information of the internal physiological state of the body, in relation to 'top-down' predictive models of the self.
“These feelings arise from integrative representation of (conscious and unconscious) afferent interoceptive information of the internal physiological state of the body, in relation to "top-down" predictive models of the self.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
The Conclusion (page unavailable) says experienced interoceptive perceptions arise from predictions shaped by prior experience and constrained by incoming bodily signals. The ‘Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction’ section links affective feelings to interoception, but the passages do not establish the claim’s conscious/unconscious distinction or describe the predictions specifically as models of the self. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredViscerosensory (interoceptive) feedback is judged against homeostatic set-points to drive affective feelings states and regulation of allostatic/homeostatic balance.
“Viscerosensory (interoceptive) feedback is judged against homeostatic set-points to drive affective feelings states and regulation of allostatic/homeostatic balance.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
In “Active interoceptive inference” (page unavailable), the paper links interoception to affective properties and describes prediction errors as constraining allostatic control. The Conclusion (page unavailable) says incoming bodily sensations keep the brain’s predictions in check. It does not describe feedback as being judged against homeostatic set-points; its account instead emphasizes anticipatory predictions shaped by sensory input. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Input from exteroceptive stimuli updates a representation of the external environment ('world model') through cognitive appraisal (e.g., expectation, context and memory) to trigger emotional response programs.
“Input from exteroceptive stimuli updates a representation of the external environment ('world model') through cognitive appraisal (e.g., expectation, context and memory) to trigger emotional response programs.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
The Abstract describes a world model shaped by prior experience and modified when incoming sensory signals differ from predictions. But it does not describe exteroceptive input passing through cognitive appraisal to trigger emotional response programs; the Conclusion instead says limbic cortices anticipate stimulation rather than merely react to it. The supplied copy gives no page numbers for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAffective feeling states are an important further determinant and trigger of emotional response programs.
“Affective feeling states are an important further determinant and trigger of emotional response programs.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
In “Active interoceptive inference > Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction” (page unavailable), the paper says interoceptive predictions can modulate behavioural responses and that affective properties are fundamental to conscious experience. It does not say that affective feeling states trigger emotional response programs; the proposed influence runs through interoceptive predictions, not explicitly through feelings. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe outputs of emotional response programs are adaptive behaviors and internal changes in bodily state that serve to support such behavior (allostasis; temporarily changing physiological set-points to surpass homeostatic boundaries).
“The outputs of emotional response programs are adaptive behaviors and internal changes in bodily state that serve to support such behavior (allostasis; temporarily changing physiological set-points to surpass homeostatic boundaries).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
In “Active interoceptive inference > The interoceptive system” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that the brain anticipates bodily needs and adjusts autonomic, metabolic and immune resources to meet them; it calls these allostatic responses. It also links interoceptive predictions to behavioural responses. It does not describe these as outputs of emotional response programs or define allostasis as temporarily changing physiological set-points beyond homeostatic boundaries. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInteroceptive feelings and emotions result from interactions between autonomic efferents, visceroceptive afferents, and their respective expression as centrally-generated descending predictions regarding intended bodily state, and ascending feedback of prediction errors.
“Interoceptive feelings and emotions result from interactions between autonomic efferents, visceroceptive afferents, and their respective expression as centrally-generated descending predictions regarding intended bodily state, and ascending feedback of prediction errors.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons (2015)
The Conclusion (page unavailable) describes interoceptive perceptions as inferences about bodily sensations, constrained by ascending prediction errors that shape future visceromotor predictions. The ‘Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction’ section links interoception to affect and emotion, but presents that link as consistent with embodied accounts and says affective properties are thought to be rooted in interoception; it does not establish the stated mechanism for emotions generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAscending interoceptive neural signals cancel predictions and inform, through prediction errors, a revision of the predicted state.
“These are met with ascending interoceptive neural signals that cancel predictions and inform (through prediction errors) a revision of the predicted state.”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
The Conclusion (page not available) says incoming interoceptive sensations constrain predictions through error signals, which can shape future predictions. But the paper does not say ascending signals cancel predictions as a general rule: ‘Implications for illnesses’ says prediction errors may instead be ignored while predictions are maintained. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdditional information concerning the chemical and inflammatory environment of the gut and endocrine responses to food intake are signalled both neurally and humorally to brain.
“Additional information concerning the chemical and inflammatory environment of the gut and endocrine responses to food intake, are also signalled both neural and humorally to brain [31].”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
The 'Implications for illnesses' section (page unavailable) says the vagus nerve carries information about peripheral endocrine and immune functions to the brain, supporting neural signalling of that information. The paper also discusses nutrient sensing and insulin responses to food cues, but the cited passages do not establish that the gut’s chemical and inflammatory environment and endocrine responses to food intake are signalled to the brain by both neural and humoral routes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAtypical interoception is associated with impairments in a number of domains of functioning, and such impairments characterise a broad range of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
“Our central thesis is that atypical interoception is associated with impairments in a number of domains of functioning, and that such impairments characterise a broad range of psychiatric and neurological conditions.”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The paper links interoception to several domains, including perception, cognition and emotion, and discusses depression, anxiety and sensory-integration deficits in autism spectrum disorders (Active interoceptive inference; Implications for illnesses; pages unavailable). It does not establish that interoceptive impairments characterise a broad range of psychiatric and neurological conditions; several of its proposed links are explicitly speculative. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAtypical interoception is ubiquitous across psychiatric and neurological conditions.
“Atypical interoception is ubiquitous across psychiatric and neurological conditions.”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The 'Implications for illnesses' section links abnormal interoceptive activity or related brain regions to depression, anxiety and other psychiatric syndromes. The discussion of autism in 'Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction' is tentative, and the paper does not establish that atypical interoception is ubiquitous across psychiatric and neurological conditions. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese areas collectively embody a generative model of interoceptive responses and issue predictions that, when unpacked at the lowest hierarchical level, serve as homoeostatic set-points.
“The second is that these areas collectively embody a generative model of interoceptive responses and issue predictions that, when unpacked at the lowest hierarchical level, serve as homoeostatic set-points.”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
In ‘The interoceptive system,’ the paper proposes that visceromotor regions collectively generate predictions about the body’s upcoming responses. ‘Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction’ links those predictions to anticipated homeostasis, but does not say that predictions at the lowest hierarchical level serve as homeostatic set-points. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent developments have focused on depression and fatigue as emerging from the interoceptive experience of chronic dyshomoeostasis, whether directly or via metacognitive beliefs in inadequate allostatic self-efficacy.
“Recent developments have focused on depression and fatigue as emerging from the interoceptive experience of chronic dyshomoeostasis, whether directly or via metacognitive beliefs in inadequate allostatic self-efficacy [9,87].”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
In “Implications for illnesses” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that chronic disruption of homeostasis arising from aberrant interoceptive predictions can contribute to depression, and it links early depressive symptoms to fatigue-related sickness behaviours. It does not describe a pathway through metacognitive beliefs about inadequate allostatic self-efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe viscerosensory system is thought to monitor continuously autonomic, metabolic, and immunological resources in the body necessary to maintain physiological homeostasis and includes various regions of the cortex, including the posterior and anterior aspects of the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
“The viscerosensory system is thought to monitor continuously autonomic, metabolic, and immunological resources in the body necessary to maintain physiological homeostasis and includes various regions of the cortex, including the posterior and anterior aspects of the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Wiens, 2005; Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Seth and Frist”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA complementary set of regions involved in visceromotor actions represents key efferent processing regions, including the anterior insula, anterior cingulate, subgenual cingulate, orbitofrontal, ventromedial prefrontal, supplementary motor, and premotor areas.
“A complementary set of regions involved in visceromotor actions represents key efferent processing regions, including the anterior insula, anterior cingulate, subgenual cingulate, orbitofrontal, ventromedial prefrontal, supplementary motor, and premotor areas (44–46).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In “The interoceptive system” (page not provided), the paper identifies the anterior insula, anterior and subgenual cingulate, posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex as visceromotor regions that issue predictions affecting bodily responses. The passages do not identify supplementary motor or premotor areas as members of that visceromotor set, so the full list is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmotional processes are forms of interoceptive active inference.
“emotional processes are forms of interoceptive active inference”
From Pain Asymbolia as Depersonalization for Pain Experience. An Interoceptive Active Inference Account (2020) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
In “Active interoceptive inference” (page unavailable), the paper proposes an active-inference model of interoception. In “Interoceptive sensation is largely prediction” (page unavailable), it says interoceptive representations are central to every mental event and links interoception to affect and emotion. It does not go so far as to characterize emotional processes themselves as forms of interoceptive active inference. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBeyond allostasis, the predictive coding framework proposes that estimating the most likely cause of changes in internal bodily parameters, given a certain exteroceptive context, gives rise to emotional feelings, with a particular role for anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices to generate visceral predictions.
“Beyond allostasis, the predictive coding framework proposes that estimating the most likely cause of changes in internal bodily parameters, given a certain exteroceptive context, gives rise to emotional feelings 209-211 , with a particular role for anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices to generate visceral predictions 212 .”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [211]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mid-insula has a central role in integrating sensory signals, interoceptive awareness, and prior expectations about bodily states.
“As such, the mid-insula has a central role in integrating sensory signals, interoceptive awareness, and prior expectations about the bodily states [50].”
From Neural correlates of altered interoception in depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
In “The interoceptive system” (page unavailable), the paper describes the mid-to-posterior insula as primary interoceptive cortex and proposes that it compares incoming bodily signals with predicted sensations. It does not specifically assign the mid-insula a central role in interoceptive awareness; its discussion of broader multisensory integration instead emphasizes the anterior insula and cingulate cortices. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt has been proposed that these therapies recalibrate predictive coding of bodily signals, correcting interoceptive underestimation and insula hypoactivity in depressive disorders and reducing threat-based interpretation of bodily sensations and insula hyperactivity in anxiety disorders.
“Although mechanisms to symptom improvement remain unclear, it has been proposed that these therapies recalibrate predictive coding of bodily signals, correcting interoceptive underestimation and insula hypoactivity in depressive disorders [50] and reducing threat-based interpretation of bodily sensations and insula hyperactivity in anxiety disorders [15].”
From Neural correlates of altered interoception in depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe long-term by-product of performing allostasis less efficiently is that the body's budget is in a chronic deficit, a general predisposing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.
“The long-term by-product of performing allostasis less efficiently is that the body's budget is in a chronic deficit: a general predisposing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.135,137”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
In “Implications for illnesses” (page unavailable), the paper predicts that aberrant interoceptive predictions can create chronic physical burdens leading to various mental illnesses, and describes a long-term metabolic imbalance in its example of depression. It does not establish a chronic body-budget deficit as a general predisposing vulnerability for psychopathology; the cited account is a model prediction, while the claim states it as fact. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBased on past experiences that share features of equivalence with the present, the brain uses concepts that were relevant then, with all possible futures and associated action plans, to deal with and understand current incoming sensory signals.
“Based on past experiences that share features of equivalence with the present, our brain uses the concepts (i.e.abstract mental representations) that were relevant then, with all the possible futures and associated action plans to deal with and understand the current incoming sensory signals.”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInteroceptive feelings can be both generated and perceived within the CNS.
“Third, interoceptive feelings can be both generated and perceived within the CNS (Barrett and Simmons, 2015;Damasio, 1996;Seth and Friston, 2016).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
When prediction errors are small, interoceptive experience may be generated largely by what our brain expects to feel rather than by actual afferent neural signals from the periphery.
“One remarkable corollary of this perspective is that, when prediction errors are small, interoceptive experience may be generated largely by what our brain expects to feel rather than by actual afferent neural signals from the periphery (Barrett and Simmons, 2015;Seth and Friston, 2016).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Recent models of interoception and emotion incorporate Bayesian concepts (e.g. predictive coding), wherein the brain makes sense of dynamic changes in a wealth of viscerosensory information by predicting likely causes of those changes.
“Thus, recent models of interoception and emotion incorporate Bayesian concepts (e.g.predictive coding), wherein the brain makes sense of dynamic changes in a wealth of viscerosensory information by predicting likely causes of those changes: prior interoceptive experiences are deployed as predictions of probable interoceptive experience, to yield 'prediction errors', i.e., the difference between an”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Such structures may be able to predict and generate interoceptive feelings as well as homeostatic changes in a top-down manner based upon prior experience.
“Additionally such structures may be able to predict and generate interoceptive feelings as well as homeostatic changes in a "top-down" manner based upon prior experience (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The Bayesian brain notion suggests that afferent flow of interoceptive information can be reversed such that predictions of emotional processes influence not only the perception of physiological change (e.g., as feelings) but also peripheral physiology itself.
“We have also touched upon the notion of the Bayesian brain which suggests that this afferent flow of interoceptive information can be reversed such that predictions of emotional processes influence not only the perception of physiological change (e.g., as feelings) but also peripheral physiology itself (Barrett and Simmons, 2015;Seth, 2013;Seth and Friston, 2016).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The perspective that mismatch between subjective and objective interoception is a prediction error signal, and its observed relationship to affective symptoms, is consistent with theoretical work presenting interoception and emotional feeling states within a predictive coding framework.
“This perspective, and its observed relationship to affective symptoms [19 ], is consistent with theoretical work that presents interoception and associated emotional feeling states within a predictive coding framework [3,43,44,45 ,46].”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Efferent autonomic responses can be viewed as descending 'interoceptive predictions' through their effects on peripheral physiology.
“Efferent autonomic responses can thus be viewed as descending 'interoceptive predictions' through their effects on peripheral physiology [3,43,44,45 ,46].”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Predictive coding models of interoception have explanatory power for observations on emotion, extending to self-representation, and for structural and functional organizational features of the brain, notably insular cortex and its relationship to visceromotor centres.
“Predictive coding models of interoception have explanatory power, both for observations on emotion, extending to self-representation and, interestingly, in accounting for both structural and functional organizational features of the brain, notably insular cortex and its relationship to visceromotor centres [3,48,39,49,43,44,45 ,46,50 ].”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Neural encoding of generative (top-down) predictions concerning internal bodily state is expressed in drive to the autonomic nervous system (and in endocrine and immune responses).
“Neural encoding of generative (i.e.top-down) predictions concerning internal bodily state is expressed in drive to the autonomic nervous system (and in endocrine and immune responses).”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Predictions function as hypotheses about the world that can be tested against sensory signals that arrive in the brain.
“Hence, predictions function as hypotheses about the world that can be tested against sensory signals that arrive in the brain (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
In the predictive coding framework, perception and action are tightly coupled.
“Similar to PAM (Preston and de Waal, 2002), in the predictive coding framework, perception and action are tightly coupled (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Afterward, top-down projections that predict interoceptive input are updated to help the body cope if faced with similar future situational demands.
“Afterward, top-down projections that predict interoceptive input are updated to help the body cope if faced with similar future situational demands (Paulus and Stein, 2006; Seth et al., 2012; Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Seth and Friston, 2016; Owens et al., 2018).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
These regions send interoceptive predictions to the primary interoceptive cortex (mid/posterior insula).
“These regions are also hypothesized to send interoceptive predictions (predicted sensory consequences of upcoming changes relevant to allostasis) to the primary interoceptive cortex (mid/posterior insula) (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The brain continually estimates future energy/metabolic needs.
“The brain continually estimates future energy/metabolic needs (Barrett 2017a,b; Barrett & Simmons, 2015).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett & Simmons, 2015
According to the allostasis model, cortical regions issue physiological and visceromotor predictions to the autonomic nervous system, immune system, and endocrine systems.
“According to the allostasis model (Barrett 2017a,b; Barrett & Simmons, 2015), cortical regions issue physiological and visceromotor predictions to the autonomic nervous system, the immune system and the endocrine systems of the body (see Figure 2; (Barrett, 2017a, b; Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett & Simmons, 2015
The brain is a 'prediction machine' that bases its emerging appraisals of stressors on both external stimuli as well as on one's personal memory bank of what to expect.
“The brain is a ‘prediction machine’ that bases its emerging appraisals of stressors on both external stimuli as well as on one’s personal memory bank of what to expect (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The objective is to suppress interoceptive prediction errors through action.
“The objective is to suppress interoceptive prediction errors (Barrett and Simmons, 2015, Pezzulo, 2013, Seth et al., 2012) through action”
From Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control (2015) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
So-called visceromotor areas (VMAs), such as the anterior insula cortex (AIC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), subgenual cortex (SGC), and perhaps also, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are situated at the top of an interoceptive hierarchy.
“The first is that so-called visceromotor areas (VMAs), such as the anterior insula cortex (AIC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), subgenual cortex (SGC), and perhaps also, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are situated at the top of an interoceptive hierarchy.”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
Such agranular cortical regions are argued to be well suited to the issuing of predictions, in both interoceptive and motor domains.
“Such agranular cortical regions are argued to be well suited to the issuing of predictions, in both interoceptive [9] and motor [17] domains.”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The principles of interoceptive inference rest primarily on the view that perceptual inference-whether about the world or about the body-is likely to involve a common computational architecture.
“While there is ample circumstantial that fits comfortably with this framework (see [9,10,54,56], for reviews), the principles of interoceptive inference rest primarily on the view that perceptual inference—whether about the world or about the body—is likely to involve a common computational architecture.”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
These cortical areas are further hypothesized to maintain consistent top-down projections to brainstem areas, including the periaqueductal gray, in order to initiate stabilizing allostatic effects that help maintain internal physiological homeostasis.
“These cortical areas are further hypothesized to maintain consistent top-down projections to brainstem areas, including the periaqueductal gray, in order to initiate stabilizing allostatic effects that help maintain internal physiological homeostasis (Critchley et al., 2004; Wiens, 2005; Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
These predictions are continuously compared to sensory input, and prediction errors are used to revise the brain's model of the world.
“These predictions are continuously compared to sensory input, and when there is a mismatch, prediction errors are used by the brain to revise its model of the world (Barrett, 2017b, a; Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Friston, 2010, 2013).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
The difference is computed as prediction error signals.
“The difference is computed as prediction error signals (Barrett & Simmons, 2015) (see Figure 2).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Barrett & Simmons, 2015
Recent computational theories suggest that interoception deploys Bayesian inference to address the challenge of noisy and ambiguous interosensations.
“Recent computational theories suggest that interoception deploys Bayesian inference to address this challenge (36,37,44,45,90,91) (Figures 3 and 4).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
Anatomically, HBMs are plausible candidates given that interoceptive circuitry is structured hierarchically.
“Anatomically, HBMs are plausible candidates given that interoceptive circuitry is structured hierarchically (45,94).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
Autonomic responses, affective experience, and metabolic demand are connected by interoceptive inference.
“Autonomic responses, affective experience, and metabolic demand are all connected by interoceptive inference (Seth and Friston, 2016; Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
From Listen to your inner body: embodied emotions in predictive neuroscience and traditional East Asian medicine (2026) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Some variables representing body state are monitored in relation to their departure from a level predicted as optimal in context.
“some variables representing body state are monitored not only in relation to a homeostatic set point, but also in relation to their departure from a level predicted as optimal in context”
From Pain Asymbolia as Depersonalization for Pain Experience. An Interoceptive Active Inference Account (2020) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Recent research suggests that interoception is at the core of the brain's internal model and arises from the process of allostasis.
“Recent research suggests that interoception is at the core of the brain’s internal model and arises from the process of allostasis”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons, 2015
Autonomic mimicry remains relevant in adults as a mechanism for emotion regulation, particularly in emotionally salient or intimate interactions.
“Although autonomic mimicry is especially critical in infancy, it remains relevant in adults as a mechanism for emotion regulation. Adults continue to exhibit physiological mirroring, particularly in emotionally salient or intimate interactions.”
From Physiological attunement and flourishing: understanding the influence of relationships on health (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The sections on active interoceptive inference and implications for illnesses discuss bodily representations, emotion, and autonomic responses to stress, but not physiological mirroring between people. Searches for autonomic mimicry, adult emotion regulation, and interpersonal synchrony found no passage addressing the claimed role in emotionally salient or intimate interactions. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe depressive response becomes maladaptive when there are failures of precision engineered visceromotor inference (e.g., from sustained social distress), leading to illness behaviours that fail to respond to improvements in interpersonal contexts and can exacerbate socio-environmental stress.
“we suggest that the depressive response becomes maladaptive when there are (neuromodulatory) failures of”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Under active inference, sensitivity to stress-related cues corresponds to their precision, implicating neuromodulatory systems associated with reward, action selection and interoceptive inference.
“Under active inference, sensitivity to stress-related cues corresponds to their precision [13,60], implicating neuromodulatory systems associated with reward, action selection and interoceptive inference [61][62][63].”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
This self-perpetuating cycle chronically activates neurophysiological stress responses and leads to debilitating sickness behaviours.
“This, in turn, is likely to chronically activate neurophysiological stress responses and leads to debilitating sickness behaviours [13,14].”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
The brain's functional organization is hierarchical.
“The hierarchical nature of the brain’s functional organization has long been recognized113, 114”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [114]
Mindfulness can enhance interoceptive awareness of the salience of courses of action and experiences, optimizing prediction error signaling to increase fit between behavior and goals.
“Insofar as mindfulness allows access to an expanded set of information from which semantic and conditioned associations may be restructured,32 it can be used to enhance interoceptive awareness of the salience of various courses of action and experiences, thereby optimizing prediction error signaling in the brain to increase goodness-of-fit between behavior and goal states.33”
Interoceptive and embodied predictive coding models go beyond extending predictive coding to explain body-awareness to argue that body-related predictions coordinate and contextualize global brain function.
“In summary, interoceptive and embodied predictive coding models not only extend predictive coding to explain body-awareness; rather, they go beyond this weaker claim to argue that body-related predictions coordinate and contextualize global brain function.”
From From cognitivism to autopoiesis: towards a computational framework for the embodied mind (2018) · cites this paper as Barrett and Simmons 2015
Brain areas which handle compression and integration tend to be agranular (without layer IV thalamic relay).
“Interestingly brain areas which handle compression and integration tend to be agranular (without layer IV thalamic relay) ( 38 ).”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
Barrett and Simmons proposed an interoceptive threat detection system consisting of paralimbic sites like the amygdala, medial and anterior cingulate cortex, posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insular cortex.
“Barrett and Simmons ( 38 ) proposed an interoceptive threat detection system consisting of paralimbic sites like the amygdala, medial and anterior cingulate cortex, the posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and the anterior insular cortex (AIC).”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
According to the EPIC model, dorsal and posterior insula receive predictions from agranular and dysgranular visceromotor control regions including ventral anterior insula, mid-cingulate cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.
“According to the Embodied Predictive Interoceptive Coding (EPIC) model ( 38 , 54 ), dorsal and posterior insula receive predictions from agranular and dysgranular visceromotor control regions of the brain, including ventral anterior insula, mid-cingulate cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap.
Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., et al. (2018) · Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
Self-citationThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
“Recent research suggests that interoception is at the core of the brain’s internal model and arises from the process of allo-stasis (Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Chanes and Barrett, 2016; Barrett, 2017; for related discussions, see Seth et al. , 2012; Seth, 2013; Pezzulo et al. , 2015; Seth &…”
InfluentialSelf-citationCognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down” effects
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Active inference: a process theory
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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
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“The brain is a ‘prediction machine’ that bases its emerging appraisals of stressors on both external stimuli as well as on one’s personal memory bank of what to expect (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
BackgroundImaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms
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Self-citationActive interoceptive inference and the emotional brain
Seth, A. K., & Friston, K. J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0007 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
“Recently, people have started to cast emotional processing in terms of predictive coding or inference about interoceptive or bodily states (54, 55) (9, 56).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx060 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
“…active inference, or belief propagation (e.g. Rao and Ballard, 1999; Friston, 2010; Seth et al., 2012; Clark, 2013a,b; Hohwy, 2013; Seth, 2013; Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Chanes and Barrett, 2016; Deneve and Jardri, 2016).11 Without an internal model, the brain cannot transform flashes of…”
InfluentialSelf-citationCritchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.020 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
“Efferent autonomic responses can thus be viewed as descending ‘interoceptive predictions’ through their effects on peripheral physiology [3,43,44,45 ,46].”
BackgroundEmotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F., & Friston, K. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.001 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
“The objective is to suppress interoceptive prediction errors (Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Pezzulo, 2013; Seth et al., 2012) through action, which in turn requires bodily signals to be represented centrally and controlled through a deep hierarchical modelling that – crucially – engages proprioceptive…”
Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans
Kleckner, I. R., Zhang, J., Touroutoglou, A., Chanes, L., Xia, C., Simmons, W. K., Quigley, K. S., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0069 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain
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An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression
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Self-citationSymptoms and the body: taking the inferential leap
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The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration
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Self-citationAllostatic Self-efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression
Stephan, K. E., Manjaly, Z. M., Mathys, C. D., Weber, L. A. E., Paliwal, S., Gard, T., Tittgemeyer, M., Fleming, S. M., Haker, H., Seth, A. K., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00550 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 15 November 2016 | Volume 10 | Article 550 target lamina for ascending connections conveying prediction errors in granular cortex (cf. Feldman-Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialConnecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion
Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“Hence, predictions function as hypotheses about the world that can be tested against sensory signals that arrive in the brain (Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
The graphical brain: Belief propagation and active inference
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Visceral Signals Shape Brain Dynamics and Cognition
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From cognitivism to autopoiesis: towards a computational framework for the embodied mind
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Self-citationCan interoception improve the pragmatic search for biomarkers in psychiatry?
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Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis
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Self-citationInteroceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes
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Being a Beast Machine: The Somatic Basis of Selfhood
Seth, A. K., & Tsakiris, M. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.008 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“Just like predictive processing models of vision [27], models of interoceptive inference propose that interoceptive experiences result from probabilistic inference about the causes of viscerosensory inputs, according to Bayesian principles [8, 16, 18].”
InfluentialBayesian approaches to autism: Towards volatility, action, and behavior.
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Hierarchical active inference: A theory of motivated control
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Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect cognition and mental health
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Towards a psychophysics of interoceptive processes: the measurement of heartbeat detection
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Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception
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Clinical neurocardiology defining the value of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics
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‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy
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Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self
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Self-citationThreat and the body: how the heart supports fear processing
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Diseases, Disorders, and Comorbidities of Interoception
Bonaz, B., Lane, R. D., Oshinsky, M. L., Kenny, P. J., Sinha, R., Mayer, E. A., & Critchley, H. D. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.009 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Allostasis: A brain-centered, predictive mode of physiological regulation
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Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing
Chanes, L., & Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.005 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationFocus of attention modulates the heartbeat evoked potential
Petzschner, F. H., Weber, L. A., Wellstein, K. V., Paolini, G., Do, C. T., & Stephan, K. E. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.037 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Testing the independence of self-reported interoceptive accuracy and attention
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Plans, D., Khalsa, S. S., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819879826 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research
Hutchinson, J. B., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419831992 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation of Current and Future Physiological States in Insular Cortex
Livneh, Y., Sugden, A. U., Madara, J. C., Essner, R. A., Flores, V. I., Sugden, L. A., Resch, J. M., Lowell, B. B., & Andermann, M. L. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.027 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Much of the literature reviewed in this and other sections suggests that the integrity and maintenance of homeostasis, not only in the CNS and PNS but in all systems of the body (e.g., metabolic, cardiovascular, immune), contributes to interoceptive feelings, moods and even to consciously identified emotions.”
InfluentialInteroceptive rhythms in the brain
Engelen, T., Solcà, M., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01425-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear
Mobbs, D., Adolphs, R., Fanselow, M. S., Barrett, L. F., LeDoux, J. E., Ressler, K., & Tye, K. M. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0456-6 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulz, S. M. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0018 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
What is mood? A computational perspective
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Am i self-conscious? (or does self-organization entail self-consciousness?)
Friston, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00579 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors
Popa, L. S., & Ebner, T. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00524 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Park, H.-D., Bernasconi, F., Salomon, R., Tallon-Baudry, C., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., Schaller, K., & Blanke, O. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx136 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Anterior insular cortex plays a critical role in interoceptive attention
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The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory
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The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure
Theriault, J. E., Young, L., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationTransient modulations of neural responses to heartbeats covary with bodily self-consciousness
Park, H.-D., Bernasconi, F., Bello-Ruiz, J., Pfeiffer, C., Salomon, R., & Blanke, O. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0311-16.2016 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
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Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review
Brewer, R., Murphy, J., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.036 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion
Barrett, L. F., & Satpute, A. B. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.045 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, R., Badcock, P., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13138 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Disrupted Dorsal Mid-Insula Activation During Interoception Across Psychiatric Disorders
Nord, C. L., Lawson, R. P., & Dalgleish, T. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091340 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat
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The influence of physiological signals on cognition
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Interoception and gender: What aspects should we pay attention to?
Grabauskaitė, A., Baranauskas, M., & Griškova-Bulanova, I. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.002 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
Jungilligens, J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Popkirov, S., Barrett, L. F., & Perez, D. L. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac204 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
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Self-citationA nice surprise? Predictive processing and the active pursuit of novelty
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The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
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“Top-down projections to the PAG serve to modulate arousal after contextual appraisal and maintain homeostasis (Critchley et al., 2004; Wiens, 2005; Barrett and Simmons, 2015).”
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Hallucinations as Top-Down Effects on Perception
Powers, A. R., Kelley, M., & Corlett, P. R. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.04.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The insular cortex dynamically maps changes in cardiorespiratory interoception
Hassanpour, M. S., Simmons, W. K., Feinstein, J. S., Luo, Q., Lapidus, R. C., Bodurka, J., Paulus, M. P., & Khalsa, S. S. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.154 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationInteroception and the origin of feelings: A new synthesis
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A social Bayesian brain: how social knowledge can shape visual perception
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Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience
Hoemann, K., Khan, Z., Feldman, M. J., Nielson, C., Devlin, M., Dy, J., Barrett, L. F., Wormwood, J. B., & Quigley, K. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69180-y · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiac afferent activity modulates the expression of racial stereotypes
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Empathy in autism Spectrum disorder
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A mathematical model of embodied consciousness.
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Methodological recommendations for a heartbeat detection-based measure of interoceptive sensitivity
Kleckner, I. R., Wormwood, J. B., Simmons, W. K., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12503 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationIdiopathic Environmental Intolerance: A Comprehensive Model
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Happily entangled: prediction, emotion, and the embodied mind
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Involvement of Sensory Regions in Affective Experience: A Meta-Analysis
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Self-citationInteroception primes emotional processing: multimodal evidence from neurodegeneration
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Emotional decision-making in autism spectrum disorder: the roles of interoception and alexithymia
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“Afterward, top-down projections that predict interoceptive input are updated to help the body cope if faced with similar future situational demands (Paulus and Stein, 2006; Seth et al., 2012; Barrett and Simmons, 2015; Seth and Friston, 2016; Owens et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialActive inference as a theory of sentient behavior
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Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control
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Self-citationAn interoceptive illusion of effort induced by false heart-rate feedback
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Predictive Coding: a Theoretical and Experimental Review
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The neurobiology of interoception and affect
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An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference
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- Authors
- Barrett, L. F., & Simmons, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barrett, Lisa Feldman
- Simmons, W. Kyle
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-05-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 419-429
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC4731102
- OpenAlex
- W1620203002
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a0b470ccc96aa1c8a95f0723c49e70cb18507b2
- Cited by
- 1,766
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 267 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 175 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 17
- FWCI
- 10.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030311)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH096175)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- interoception, active inference, corticocortical connections, limbic system, visceral sensation, sensation and perception
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Bayes Theorem, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Nerve Net, Perception
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