Ānanda’s Faults

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This matter is recorded in the Bhikṣunī Skandha in the full vinaya canon of each Buddhist school.

“This matter is recorded in the section called Bhikṣunī Skandha in the full version of the vinaya canon of each Buddhist school.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The saṃgha under Mahākāśyapa's leadership charged Ānanda with a series of faults.

“The saṃgha, led by Mahākāśyapa, accused Ānanda of a series of faults.”

May combine two claims.

The event is also found in the Gotamī Sutta and in the Madhyamāgama's Gautamī Sūtra.

“This event is also found in the Southern tradition's Qutan mi 瞿曇彌 [P.Gotamīsuttaṃ, Gotamī Sutta] in Zengzhibu jingdian 增支部經典 [P.Aṅguttaranikāya] 36 and in the Zhong ahan jing 中阿含經 [Skt.Madhyamāgama]'s Gautamī Sūtra.37”

• cites [36]Not matched

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• cites [37]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Some of the faults attributed to Ānanda concern women, and the crucial accusation is that he implored the Buddha to allow women to be ordained.

“[Among the series of faults Ānanda of which is accused,] some relate to women, and the crucial accusation is that Ānanda implored the Buddha to allow women to be ordained.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Other sources state that minor precepts may be discarded only if the saṃgha unanimously agrees or has need.

“• Shisong lü,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Their intentions were sincere and pious, but because they were not allowed to renounce, they were deeply saddened.

“Their intentions were sincere and pious but due to not being allowed to renounce, they were deeply saddened.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Tathāgata then set this training rule, which belongs to the pāyattika set of offences.

“After this, the Tathāgata set this training rule, which belongs to the pāyattika set of offences.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This precept was established when Chandaka or the monks of the Group of Six said, 'What is the use of these trivial precepts?'

“[This precept was established] when Chandaka or the monks belonging to the Group of Six stated,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since that declaration, there are no records of any saṃgha permitting the discarding of certain precepts or establishing new ones.

“Ever since this declaration, there have been no records of any saṃgha permitting the discarding of certain precepts or establishing new ones.”

May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa reprimanded Ānanda for not asking the Buddha for clarification and charged him with a minor offence.

“Due to this situation, Mahākāśyapa reprimanded Ānanda for not seeking clarification from the Buddha, and charged Ānanda with a minor offence.”

May combine two claims.

Each precept was formulated in response to a particular time, place, and person, and mainly concerned clothing, food, travel, shelter, medicine, and similar matters.

“Each precept was formulated in response to a particular time, place, and person, and mainly related to issues concerning clothing, food, travel, shelter, medicine, and so forth.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

At the First Council, Mahākāśyapa effectively rejected Ānanda.

“At the convening of the First Council, Mahākāśyapa practically rejected Ānanda.”

May combine two claims.

Ānanda argued that Mahāprajāpatī had lovingly raised the Buddha and that her kindness equaled that of his birth mother, so she should be ordained.

“Mahāprajāpatī lovingly raised the Buddha as her own child, and the gratitude she showed to the Buddha equals that of his birth mother.”

• cites Bhikṣunī SkandhaNot matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A pāyattika rule concerns complaining about the precepts by asking why trivial precepts are needed, since they cause doubts, regrets, vexations, worries, and unsettledness.

“Another example is found in the pāyattika group of precepts, 26 in which one rule concerns complaining about the precepts by asking,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The precept on disregarding and complaining about the vinaya is found in vinaya texts across Buddhist schools.

“What does need to be discussed further is the precept on disregarding and complaining about the vinaya (training rules) found in vinaya texts across schools of Buddhism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The account of Ānanda's reprimand appears in First Council records, and the versions from different Buddhist schools mostly agree.

“The event of Ānanda being reprimanded is found in the records relating to the First Council, and the versions transmitted by the various Buddhist schools are largely in agreement, as follows.”

May combine two claims.

While the Buddha lived, Ānanda followed the monastic code exemplarily and was admonished by the Buddha only once, concerning Venerable Udāyin.

“When the Buddha was still alive, Ānanda had been exemplary in following the monastic code, (only once being admonished by the Buddha in connection to Venerable Udāyin).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Only the first, second, fifth, and sixth faults appear in all the sources mentioned.

“The only ones that occur in all the sources mentioned above are the first, second, fifth, and sixth.”

May combine two claims.

Ānanda requested that women be allowed to ordain because without renunciation they could not attain final liberation.

“Ānanda then requested that the Buddha allow women to be ordained because if they did not renounce, they would not be able to attain the final liberation (fourth fruition).”

• cites Bhikṣunī SkandhaNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because Ānanda did not ask the Buddha what counted as minor precepts, the First Council members held many differing opinions.

“It is said that because Ānanda failed to ask the Buddha what specifically constitutes minor precepts, the members of the First Council consequently had many and varying opinions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although they approached the Buddha three times with their request, the Buddha refused.

“Despite approaching the Buddha three times to make their request, the Buddha refused.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Monastics inclined to asceticism and those who emphasized the vinaya firmly believed that stricter training rules were better for the saṃgha and that only strict reliance on precepts could cultivate the path purely.

“In general, monastics who were inclined toward asceticism and monastics who placed great emphasis on the vinaya firmly believed that stricter training rules were better for the saṃgha.They believed that only by relying on the standards set by the precepts in such a strict way could one cultivate the path with purity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Mahākāśyapa ended the debate by declaring that no new precepts should be established, existing precepts must not be violated, and the Buddha's teaching should be followed.

“In the end, Mahākāśyapa came forth and put an end to the debate by declaring:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For more than two thousand years in Buddhist circles, Buddhists were only allowed to interpret the vinaya and perhaps privately alter parts of it.

“For over 2000 years, within Buddhist circles, [Buddhists] were only permitted to interpret the vinaya and [perhaps] privately change some parts of it.”

May combine two claims.

Over time, many precepts have become impractical to uphold, yet Buddhists nominally continue to accept them.

“Over the passage of time, it has been obvious that many of the precepts have become impractical to uphold.However, Buddhists nominally continue to accept those precepts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ānanda denied committing any fault but deliberately repented before the saṃgha out of respect for it and for communal unity.

“Although Ānanda did not admit that he had committed any faults, out of respect for the saṃgha and consideration for the community's unity, he intentionally repented to that saṃgha community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

The vinaya texts of the schools provide four distinct definitions of minor precepts.

“No definitive decision [on the meaning] was made at the First Council, but we can find clear indications as to what minor precepts are in the respective vinaya texts of each school.These state:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ascetic and precept-emphasizing monastics believed that discarding minor precepts would destroy the vinaya and lead the saṃgha to abandon the whole system of training rules.

“Nonetheless, those inclined to ascetic practices and who placed emphasis on the precepts thought that discarding minor precepts would destroy the vinaya altogether and cause the saṃgha to discard the entire system of training rules.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When Ānanda conveyed the Buddha's final message, it was rejected and Ānanda was subsequently accused of a series of faults.

“When Ānanda conveyed the Buddha's final message [to the saṃgha,] not only was it rejected, but Ānanda was also subsequently accused of a series of faults.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The purpose of establishing precepts is to maintain the purity and harmony of the saṃgha and to encourage society to respect and have faith in them.

“The purpose of establishing the precepts is to maintain the purity and harmony of the saṃgha as well as to encourage society to develop respect for and faith in them.”

May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa reluctantly entered a marriage that was never consummated and eventually renounced home life.

“Although he once reluctantly entered into a marriage, the relationship was merely in name and the marriage was never consummated.Eventually he renounced the home life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The bhikṣuṇī saṃgha intentionally made things difficult for Mahākāśyapa, causing him innumerable hardships.

“The bhikṣuṇī saṃgha also intentionally made things difficult for him, such that he experienced innumerable hardships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ānanda pleaded with the Buddha to permit women's ordination and was consequently reprimanded by Mahākāśyapa.

“Ānanda pleaded with the Buddha to permit women's ordination and was consequently reprimanded by Mahākāśyapa.”

May combine two claims.

The four pārājika and thirteen saṃghāvaśeṣa offenses for monks are not related to nuns or women, yet monks still contravene these precepts.

“If we look at the very severe offenses set for the monks-that is, the four primary precepts (pārājika) and thirteen secondary precepts (saṃghāvaśeṣa)-none of these are related to nuns or women, yet monks still contravene these precepts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

When confronted with the decline in saṃgha quality, they attributed its cause to women's ordination and predicted the Buddha-dharma would not exist long.

“That is, when confronted with the decline in the quality of the saṃgha members, they attributed its cause to the ordination of women, and then predicted that the Buddha-dharma would not exist for long.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to the Pinimu jing, allowing women's ordination will cause lay followers to reduce respect and offerings to the saṃgha and monks to appear less dignified.

“According to the sūtra, in general, allowing women to be ordained will cause lay followers to reduce their respect for and offerings to the saṃgha, and the monks will appear less dignified.”

• cites Pinimu jingNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These texts describe this decline as a prediction ascribed to the Buddha himself.

“Moreover, these texts describe this as a prediction ascribed to the Buddha himself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Ānanda never admitted to any fault.

“Ānanda never admitted to any fault.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The vinaya masters ascribed this prediction to the Buddha himself.

“However, the vinaya masters ascribed this prediction to the Buddha himself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When the Mallas of Kuśinagara came to pay final respects, Ānanda had the men moved backward so women could pay respects first.

“The story of this incident is that when the Mallas tribe of Kuśinagara came to pay their final respects to the Buddha, Ānanda had the men moved backward so the women could pay their respects first.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

From sūtra and vinaya texts, the quality of saṃgha members in the Buddha's later years was not as wholesome as in his younger years.

“From the sūtra and vinaya texts, it is obvious that the quality of the saṃgha members toward the Buddha's later years in life was not as wholesome as during the Buddha's younger years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ānanda did not admit fault but repented to the saṃgha at the First Council for the sake of harmony.

“Ānanda did not admit to any fault but for the sake of the saṃgha's harmony and not wanting to stir up unrest, he repented to the saṃgha at the First Council.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The quality of saṃgha members became mixed and created a poor public image of the saṃgha.

“The quality of the saṃgha members became mixed and this created a poor image of the saṃgha among the general public.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the Pinimu jing, allowing women's ordination will cause the righteous Dharma teachings not to remain long.

“In addition, the righteous Dharma teachings would not remain long.”

• cites Pinimu jingNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fault has two aspects: allowing women to pay respect first and failing to prevent their tears from sullying the Buddha's feet.

“This fault has two aspects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Allowing women's ordination gave rise to various issues within the saṃgha and led to undesirable effects.

“At the same time, allowing women to be ordained gave rise to various issues within the saṃgha, which also led to quite a few undesirable effects.”

May combine two claims.

Some bhikṣuṇī saṃghas called Mahākāśyapa a heretic and a little inferior bhikṣu.

“For example, some bhikṣuṇī saṃghas called him a heretic, 46 a little inferior bhikṣu (meaning he is not great like an elephant [king].)47”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A second narrative says Mahāprajāpatī and her women were from the Śākya clan and Ānanda took pity on his fellow clan members.

“The second narrative is that Mahāprajāpatī and her contingent of women were from the Śākya clan, and Ānanda took pity on his fellow clan members, making the request on their behalf.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the second simile, rice plants represent monks and frost or hail represent nuns; the Tongye lü version uses pathogens.

“As for the second simile, the rice plants represent the monks, and the frost and hail represent the nuns (note that the version of this story in the Tongye lü uses pathogens).”

• cites Tongye lüNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to the Tongye lü, after the Buddha's parinibbāna, Ānanda allowed women to pay respect to the Buddha's relics first, and their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.

“One accusation, according to the Tongye lü, is that following the Buddha's parinibbāna, Ānanda allowed women to pay respect to the Buddha's relics first.At that time, women were grieving and weeping, and their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.”

• cites Tongye lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa came from a wealthy noble family and had no innate interest in women.

“Mahākāśyapa came from a wealthy and noble family, and his personality innately had no interest in women.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the second narrative, after hearing the prediction Ānanda addressed the Buddha with pain and sorrow; this is found in the Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü.

“The second narrative is the same as the one above; however, after Ānanda heard the Buddha's prediction he addressed the Buddha with much pain and sorrow.”

• cites Mishasai bu hexi wufen lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Sifen lü contains similes: a household with many women and few men will decline; crops in a good paddy field are damaged by frost or hail; and after women go forth the true Dharma will not last as long.

“In a householder's family where there are many women and few men, it is to be expected that the family will decline.…Likewise, there is another simile.Someone has a good paddy field but all the crops get damaged by frost or hail.Similarly, Ānanda, now that women have gone forth into the Buddha-dharma and received the full monastic precepts, the true Dharma will not last as long.”

• cites Sifen lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the Tongye lü, there is only mention of Ānanda being reprimanded for pleading to the Tathāgata, with no other details.

“In texts such as the Tongye lü, there is only mention of Ānanda being reprimanded for pleading to the Tathāgata [to permit women's ordination] and no other details are provided.”

• cites Tongye lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Shisong lü records that Ānanda allowed women to see the Buddha's private parts but says nothing about tears on the Buddha's feet.

“which records that Ānanda allowed women to see the Buddha's private parts but says nothing about women shedding tears on the Buddha's feet.”

• cites Shisong lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the first narrative, Ānanda repeatedly pleaded, the Buddha agreed, Ānanda informed Mahāprajāpatī, the Buddha predicted a 500-year reduction, and Ānanda did not react; this is found in the Tongye lü and the Gotamī Sutta of the Aṅguttaranikāya.

“The first narrative is that Ānanda repeatedly pleaded with the Buddha [to allow women to be ordained] and the Buddha finally agreed.Ānanda then informed Mahāprajāpatī that the request to permit women to enter the saṃgha had been granted.The Buddha then predicted that with the ordination of women the duration of the righteous Dharma's presence would reduce by 500 years.Ānanda did not react to this”

• cites Tongye lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gotamī SuttaNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü states that none of the past buddhas allowed women to be ordained, and this was used as a basis for objection.

“In contrast, the Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü states that none of the buddhas of the past allowed women to be ordained, and this was used as a basis for objection.”

• cites Mishasai bu hexi wufen lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many sages felt sorrow at the Buddha's parinirvāṇa and more or less blamed Ānanda for not taking good care of the Buddha.

“when faced with the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, many of the sages felt sorrow, and more or less blamed Ānanda for not taking good care of the Buddha.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Upon learning this, Ānanda immediately implored the Buddha to remain, but he was too late.

“Upon learning about this, Ānanda immediately implored the Buddha to remain in the world, but he was too late.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Even though the Buddha repeated the message three times, Ānanda did not react and said nothing.

“Even though the Buddha repeated this message three times, Ānanda did not react accordingly, and said nothing at all.”

May combine two claims.

Teachings mention that arhats enter the apex of concentration to extend their lifespan, and attaining meditative concentration of cessation enables one to remain in the world.

“Accordingly, we see teachings mentioning that arhats enter the apex of concentration to extend their lifespan, and attaining meditative concentration of cessation enables one to remain in this world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ānanda explained that no one was around to help and a gust of wind lifted the robe, leaving him no option but to step on it.

“Ānanda explains that at the time there was no one around to help him, and a gust of wind picked up the robe.Therefore, he had no option but to step on it [to prevent it from flying away].”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Because 500 carts crossed upstream, the river water was turbid, so Ānanda advised waiting until the Krakuṣṭha River where water was clean.

“Because 500 carts were crossing the upstream stretch of that river, the water was turbid.Therefore, Ānanda told the Buddha to wait until they moved further to the Krakuṣṭha River, where the water was clean enough for drinking.”

• cites [61]Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Buddha said that anyone who skillfully cultivates the four meditative concentrations of supernatural power can prolong their lifespan by one eon or more.

“Anyone who skillfully cultivates and accomplishes the practice of the four meditative concentrations of supernatural power can prolong their lifespan by one eon or more.”

May combine two claims.

According to the Southern Da banniepan jing and Chinese Youxing jing, after Cunda's offering the Buddha developed gastrointestinal illness and passed blood on the way to Kuśinagara.

“After the Buddha accepted the offering from Cunda (roughly the day prior to Buddha's parinirvāṇa), the Buddha developed a gastrointestinal illness and was passing blood on the way to Kuśinagara.”

• cites [61]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Buddha said that he had skillfully cultivated and accomplished the four meditative concentrations of supernatural power.

“The Buddha then said that he had skillfully cultivated and accomplished the practice of the four meditative concentrations of supernatural power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shortly afterwards, Māra came to see the Buddha.

“Shortly afterwards, Māra came to see the Buddha.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Buddha decided to relinquish his lifeforce and set his parinirvāṇa three months hence.

“Accordingly, the Buddha decided to relinquish his lifeforce and set the time of his parinirvāṇa to be three months hence.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to the Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi, Ānanda displayed the Buddha's golden body and private parts to women.

“According to the Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi, Ānanda displayed the Buddha's golden body and private parts to women.”

• cites Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The contradiction between rationality and emotion is highlighted in the Mahāyāna Da banniepan jing, where Cunda pleaded with the Buddha not to enter parinirvāṇa despite knowing the Buddha had a vajra body.

“The contradiction between rationality and emotion is clearly highlighted in the Mahāyāna Da banniepan jing, where Cunda again and again pleaded with the Buddha not to enter parinirvāṇa, even though he knew that the Buddha had the vajra body, which is permanent and fixed.”

• cites Da banniepan jingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Māra again raised the matter and the Buddha agreed.

“Now, Māra again raised the matter and the Buddha agreed.”

May combine two claims.

The Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi adopted both narratives and therefore presents two separate faults.

“For example, the new edited vinaya texts of the (Kashmiri) Sarvāstivāda school, the Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi, adopted both narratives and therefore two separate faults are presented.”

• cites Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In that narrative, the Buddha was thirsty and exhausted, rested near a river, and asked Ānanda for water for drinking and washing.

“The weather was hot and the Buddha was thirsty and exhausted.They rested near a river.At that time, they were also near the Krakuṣṭha River.The Buddha then asked Ānanda to fetch him some water for drinking and for washing (bathing is the best way to cool down).”

• cites [61]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Buddha explained that Ānanda's mind was obstructed by Māra so he could not understand the hint.

“The Buddha explained that Ānanda's mind was obstructed by Māra such that he could not understand the hint in the Buddha's message.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The consensus among the Buddha's disciples was that Ānanda did not request the Buddha to remain, and so the Tathāgata entered parinirvāṇa.

“The consensus among the Buddha's disciples was that Ānanda did not request the Buddha to remain in this world and so the Tathāgata entered parinirvāṇa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some other narratives say Ānanda did not prevent women from paying respects to the Buddha.

“Note that this action is described differently in some other narratives, which say Ānanda did not prevent women from paying respects to the Buddha.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Buddha told Ānanda that Vaiśālī and its surroundings were peaceful and comfortable.

“The Buddha told Ānanda that in this world the location of Vaiśālī and its surrounding areas are very peaceful and comfortable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vinaya texts say Ānanda's refusal to provide or fetch water was wrong because dirty water could have been transformed into clean water by the Buddha's powers or heavenly blessings.

“According to the narrative in the vinaya texts, Ānanda's decision to not provide water at that time, and to not even fetch water, was wrong.The reason is that although there was no clean water, fetching some dirty water would be better than nothing, as “by the superpowers of the Buddha, or the blessings of the heavenly beings, that [dirty] water could have been transformed into clean water.”62”

• cites [62]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The full narrative of the robe incident has not yet been found in scriptural texts.

“The full narrative of this incident is yet to be found in scriptural texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

All related scriptural texts consistently say that when the Buddha was at Vaiśālī, he and Ānanda went to the Cāpāla Cave monastery and meditated there.

“All the related scriptural texts are consistent in saying that when the Buddha was at Vaiśālī, he and Ānanda went to the nearby Cāpāla Cave monastery and meditated there.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Buddha explained that he had already promised Māra and had to keep his word.

“The Buddha explained to Ānanda that he had already promised Māra and he had to hold true to his word.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The first accusation is that Ānanda did not ask the Buddha to remain in the world.

“The first accusation is that Ānanda did not ask the Buddha to remain in the world.”

May combine two claims.

These texts mention women being allowed to pay respects first and tears sullying the Buddha's feet but say nothing about Ānanda allowing women to see his private parts.

“These texts mention women being allowed to pay respects first and their tears sullying the Buddha's feet, but say nothing about Ānanda allowing women to see the Buddha's private parts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the past, Māra had several times requested the Buddha to enter parinirvāṇa, but the Buddha had not agreed because he had to wait until the fourfold assembly was well established and the Dharma had spread.

“In the past, Māra had several times requested the Buddha to enter parinirvāṇa.But the Buddha had not agreed, because he had to wait until the fourfold assembly of disciples was well established in their practices, and the Buddha-dharma had spread far and wide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The robe-treading incident is recounted with little variation across Buddhist schools.

“This incident is recounted with little difference in the texts of the various Buddhist schools.”

May combine two claims.

At first, the Buddha wanted Ānanda as personal attendant, but Ānanda declined.

“At first, the Buddha wanted Ānanda to be his personal attendant but Ānanda declined.”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three months before the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, he set off from Vaiśālī for Kuśinagara, where he later entered parinirvāṇa, and Ānanda was by his side as attendant.

“Three months prior to the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, the Buddha set off from Vaiśālī for Kuśinagara, where he later entered parinirvāṇa.All this time, Ānanda was by his side as his attendant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The story is that Ānanda stepped on the Buddha's outer or bathing robe while folding it, with some versions saying while stitching or washing it.

“The story is that Ānanda stepped on the Buddha's outer robe (Skt.saṃghāṭī) or bathing robe while folding it (some versions say while stitching or washing it).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Sifen lü says the World Honored One asked Ānanda three times to be attendant and he refused, making him guilty of a minor offence.

“The Sifen lü says, “the World Honored One asked you three times to be his personal attendant yet you refused.Therefore, you are guilty of a minor offence.”67”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For this reason, Ānanda was not permitted to participate in the First Council assembly and was asked to leave.

“For this reason, Ānanda was not permitted to participate in the assembly of the First Council and was asked to leave.”

May combine two claims.

Both the early parinirvāṇa and the shortened true Dharma were blamed on Ānanda.

“The early entrance into parinirvāṇa and the reduced duration of the righteous Dharma's presence in the world were both viewed as Ānanda's faults.”

May combine two claims.

On women's issues, Ānanda advocated allowing women's ordination, and the Buddha granted it.

“In terms of the issues concerning women, Ānanda pleaded for the allowance of women's ordination, and the Buddha allowed women to be ordained.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ānanda's permission for women to venerate the Buddha's relics first was also seen as defiling the remains and deserving reprimand.

“As for Ānanda allowing women to first pay respects to the Buddha's relics, this was also considered an act that defiled the Buddha's remains, and so he should have been reprimanded.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

After detailing Ānanda's eight faults, the Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi states that Ānanda had not yet completely ended all defilements.

“After the section detailing Ānanda's eight faults, the Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye za shi states that Ānanda had yet to completely end all his defilements.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Jiashe jie jing states that the assembly members were free of lust, anger, and ignorance, and only Ānanda still possessed three defilements, which is the ninth fault.

“The Jiashe jie jing states: “The members of this assembly [in the First Council] are utterly free of lust, anger, and ignorance, and only you still possess three defilements … this is the ninth fault.”73”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to the Madhyamāgama, Ānanda told Venerable Śukla that another did it yet he was reprimanded.

“According to the Madhyamāgama, at the time, Ānanda said to Venerable Śukla that “this was done by another, yet I am reprimanded.”71”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This incident is also found in the Nirodhasutta of the Aṅguttaranikāya, but there is no mention of resentful speech by Ānanda.

“This incident is also found in the Nirodhasutta of the Aṅguttaranikāya 72 belonging to the Southern tradition, but here there is no mention of resentful speech by Ānanda.”

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The charges concerned precepts, women, and shortcomings in his service as attendant.

“These faults relate to issues concerning the precepts, women, and failures in his duty as an attendant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dharma-oriented practitioners include preachers concerned with meaning and meditation masters concerned with practice; most of Ānanda's disciples practiced meditation.

“The practitioners who emphasize the Dharma are the Dharma preachers who focus on understanding the meaning [of the Dharma] and meditation masters who focus on their practical application (a majority of Ānanda's disciples focused on meditation practices).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Vinaya-oriented practitioners are discipline-focused vinaya masters, more narrowly ascetic practitioners.

“The practitioners who emphasize the vinaya are the vinaya masters who focus on discipline and, more strictly speaking, they are mainly ascetic practitioners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ānanda acted as the Buddha's personal attendant for twenty-five years and was regarded as the most learned of the Buddha's disciples.

“Ānanda served as the Buddha's personal assistant for 25 years and was lauded as the most learned 1 among all the Buddha's disciples.”

• cites [1]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The purpose of discarding minor precepts was to help the monastic community live in peace, and no limits were placed on its application.

“It appears that this matter of discarding minor precepts was to help the monastic community abide in peace, and so there were no limitations as to its application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The contradiction is a fact that merits further investigation and contemplation by vinaya masters.

“Logically, this should not be the case, but the contradiction is a fact that is well worth further investigation and contemplation by the vinaya masters.”

May combine two claims.

These passages show that discarding minor precepts is not casual and does not mean whole sets of rules such as the pāyattika should be discarded without reason.

“These passages show that discarding the minor precepts is no casual matter, nor does it mean that whole sets of training rules, such as the pāyattika rules, should be discarded without reason.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In that context, it is not surprising that Ānanda was later charged with a series of offences at the First Council.

“Within this context, it is no surprise then that Ānanda was subsequently charged with a series of offences [at the First Council].”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Vinaya masters who advanced the first definition equate discarding minor precepts with abolishing the entire vinaya system.

“In the view of the vinaya masters who put forth this explanation, the idea that minor precepts can be discarded equates to total abolition of the vinaya system.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

If minor precepts meant all precepts, the Buddha's instruction would permit discarding every precept, which is impossible.

“Adopting the first explanation (from the Shisong lü, etc.), would the Buddha's instruction that minor precepts can be discarded not amount to permission to discard all the precepts?This interpretation is certainly not possible.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The reason of repaying Mahāprajāpatī's kindness could apply only to Mahāprajāpatī herself.

“This reason could only apply to Mahāprajāpatī herself.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This message effectively put Mahākāśyapa in a difficult position.

“This message effectively placed Mahākāśyapa in a problematic position.”

May combine two claims.

The most important faults are Ānanda's failure to ask the Buddha which precepts were minor and his request that women be allowed to ordain.

“[Among these faults,] the significant ones are neglecting to ask the Buddha about the definition of minor precepts and imploring the Buddha to allow women to be ordained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa convened the First Council at Rājagṛha, where five hundred senior bhikṣus recited and formulated the Dharma canon.

“Then, Mahākāśyapa convened the First Council in the city of Rājagṛha.An assembly of 500 senior bhikṣus [who were selected by Mahākāśyapa] recited and formulated the canon of Dharma teachings.”

May combine two claims.

If the monastic code is fixed without flexibility, it cannot accommodate changing situations and the purpose of the training rules would be lost.

“Therefore, if the monastic code (training 33 Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü [Mahīśāsaka Vinaya of Five Sections], T 1421.22.26a26-b1.rules) is fixed without any flexibility, then undoubtedly it would not be able to cater to changing situations, and the purpose of the training rules would be lost.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The first definition is used as an exaggerated reason to oppose the idea that minor precepts may be discarded.

“This explanation is used as an exaggerated reason to object to the notion that minor precepts can be discarded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Only through such flexibility can training rules suit the world's reality and avoid becoming rigid and obstructive.

“Only in this way can the training rules cater to the reality of the world and not become rigid and obstructive.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Upānanda's remark about no longer having to uphold precepts and having no obstructions is exactly the meaning of discarding minor precepts to abide in peace.

“This comment about no longer having to uphold the precepts and having no more obstructions is exactly the meaning of discarding minor precepts to abide in peace, is it not?”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Charging Ānanda with a series of faults soon after the Buddha's parinirvāṇa is anomalous and controversial.

“Thus, accusing Ānanda of a series of faults shortly after the Buddha's parinirvāṇa is anomalous and controversial.”

May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa rejected the idea that minor precepts may be discarded and for that reason initiated the First Council to compile the Buddha's teachings.

“However, such an idea [that minor precepts can be discarded] is what Mahākāśyapa rejected and is the reason he initiated the First Council [to compile the Buddha's teachings.]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This is a historical fact and does not require further debate.

“This is a historical fact and need not be further debated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It appears contradictory that the Buddha prohibited monastics from saying minor precepts should be discarded and then allowed minor precepts to be discarded in his final message.

“It seems contradictory to the point of being unbelievable that the Buddha would prohibit monastics from saying minor precepts should be discarded, and then allow minor precepts to be discarded as part of his own final message.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vinaya records generally concur that Ānanda stayed with the Buddha until Kuśinagara, where the Buddha attained parinirvāṇa.

“Records found mainly in the vinaya canon generally agree, with minor variations, that Ānanda served the Tathāgata until his time at Kuśinagara where the Buddha entered parinirvāṇa.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The meaning of these passages is that the saṃgha must unanimously agree to discard certain training rules so that it can adapt to new situations of time, place, and circumstance.

“The meaning in these passages indicates that the saṃgha must unanimously agree on the decision to discard certain training rules so that the saṃgha can adapt to some new situations that are subject to time, place, and circumstances.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such views are completely opposed to Śākyamuni Buddha's intention behind the instruction that minor precepts can be discarded.

“Such thoughts are poles apart from Śākyamuni Buddha's intention behind the instruction,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This situation stems from the rejection of the Buddha's permission to discard minor precepts after his parinirvāṇa.

“Upon close inspection, this situation undoubtedly stems from the rejection of the Buddha's permission to discard minor precepts after his parinirvāṇa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

This pāyattika passage implies that trivial precepts cause saṃgha members worries and vexations and are unnecessary, which agrees with the idea that discarding minor precepts brings peace to the saṃgha.

“What this quote implies is that these trivial precepts cause saṃgha members to have worries and vexations, and so they are not necessary.Is this not consistent with the notion that discarding minor precepts brings peace to the saṃgha?”

May combine two claims.

Under the Buddha's universal compassion, women were allowed to be ordained and gained equal opportunity to cultivate the path and attain liberation.

“Under the Buddha's spirit of universal great compassion, women were allowed to be ordained and gained equal opportunity to cultivate the path and attain liberation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the First Council, when Ānanda relayed the instruction that minor precepts could be discarded, past grievances were brought up and charges were laid against him.

“At the gathering of the First Council, when Ānanda relayed the instruction that minor precepts could be discarded, this unavoidably triggered many grievances from the past that were collectively brought up, and charges were laid against Ānanda.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The two similes are merely a reflection of ancient societies in which women were generally regarded as inferior or as a source of problems, while men were given dominance.

“Therefore, these two similes are merely a reflection of ancient societies in which women were generally regarded as inferior, or even as a source of problems, while men were given dominance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The fourfold assembly argument could not have been put forth by Ānanda given his position.

“In addition, this line of argumentation could not have been put forth by Ānanda, given his position.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is unlikely that Ānanda would not have reacted after hearing the prediction.

“it is unlikely that Ānanda would have not reacted after hearing the prediction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The first simile resembles the Chinese notion that when yin flourishes yang declines.

“The first simile is like the Chinese notion: when yin flourishes, yang declines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two other accusations against Ānanda concerning women relate to his failure to properly carry out his duties as the Buddha's personal attendant.

“The two other accusations leveled at Ānanda in relation to women also concern his failure to properly carry out his duties as the Buddha's personal attendant.”

May combine two claims.

Some people joined the saṃgha with improper motives, increasing membership while making its quality impure.

“As a result, some people joined the saṃgha with improper motives, which led to an increase in saṃgha membership, but the quality of the members became impure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These general characteristics of women would unavoidably introduce challenges to the male saṃgha.

“Collectively, these general characteristics [of women] would unavoidably introduce challenges to the male saṃgha.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Women generally have stronger affection, are more emotional than rational, less tolerant, and physically weaker than men.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The description of this matter has been confused as narratives were passed down.

“Consequently, the description of this matter has been the subject of confusion as the narratives were passed down.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The saṃgha led by Mahākāśyapa ascribed the cause of these problems to the bhikṣuṇī assembly, and this was why Ānanda was reprimanded.

“The saṃgha led by Mahākāśyapa ascribed the cause of these problems to the bhikṣuṇī assembly, and this was the reason Ānanda was reprimanded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The grand ceremony of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa was managed by Ānanda, so an instance of inattention is not unreasonable; the outcome is not perfect but forgivable.

“However, the grand ceremony of Buddha's parinirvāṇa was all managed by Ānanda, and so an instance of inattention is not unreasonable.This outcome is not perfect, but forgivable.”

May combine two claims.

The increase in precept rules was likely due to Buddhism's growing popularity and the ease of obtaining offerings from lay followers.

“The situation was likely due to the gradual increase in Buddhism's popularity as it spread, and to the ease of acquiring offerings from lay followers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The monastic assembly led by Mahākāśyapa had other reasons for supporting the accusation against Ānanda.

“However, it is clear that the assembly of monastics led by Mahākāśyapa had other reasons [for supporting this accusation].”

May combine two claims.

The Sarvāstivāda school was dominant around Mathurā and upstream Ganges and adopted the Shisong lü as its base vinaya.

“In terms of the vinaya texts on this event, we can turn to the Sarvāstivāda school, which was dominant in the area around Mathurā and the upstream areas of the Ganges River.They adopted the Shisong lü as their base vinaya text,”

• cites Shisong lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Sthavira school was popular in Pāṭaliputra and downstream Ganges and took the Tongye lü or Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü as its base vinaya.

“The Sthavira school was popular in Pāṭaliputra and the downstream areas of the Ganges River.They took the Tongye lü or the Mishasai bu hexi wufen lü as their base vinaya text.”

• cites Tongye lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mishasai bu hexi wufen lüNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The meaning of Mahākāśyapa's statement is that without Ānanda's plea women would not enter the saṃgha and the related problems would not exist.

“The meaning of this quote is that if it were not for Ānanda's plea to the Buddha, women would not be allowed to enter the saṃgha, and thus all these related problems would not exist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Ānanda's decision to let women pay respects before men was a wise choice.

“With these considerations in mind, Ānanda's decision to let the women pay their respects before the men was a wise choice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The meaning of that charge is that the Tathāgata originally did not permit women's ordination, but due to Ānanda's plea allowed women into the saṃgha, so the Buddha-dharma would decline earlier.

“What this means is that the Tathāgata originally did not permit women to be ordained, but due to Ānanda's plea, he subsequently allowed women to enter the saṃgha.Consequently, the Buddha-dharma would decline earlier, which is an undesirable result.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mahākāśyapa, representing patriarchal thinking, felt the decision was inappropriate and raised it to reprimand Ānanda.

“But Mahākāśyapa, representing the patriarchal thinking of the time, felt that such a decision was inappropriate, and therefore raised this issue to reprimand Ānanda.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable).

If Ānanda persisted after knowing the consequences, this does not sound like the Ānanda who respected the Buddha and Dharma and was most learned and sharp-witted.

“Logically speaking, if after knowing the consequences Ānanda persisted in making his plea to the Buddha, then does this sound like the Ānanda we know, who respects and honors the Buddha and Dharma, the one who is most learned and sharp-witted?”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cultivation of this practice can extend one's lifespan, a concept generally accepted in the Buddhist community.

“The cultivation of this practice can extend one's lifespan, and this concept is generally accepted within the Buddhist community.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In absolute truth, entering parinirvāṇa transcends life and death and abides in cessation, so there is no need for grief.

“In terms of the absolute truth, entering parinirvāṇa is to transcend life and death, and to abide in cessation, and so there is no need to feel grief.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the narratives passed down, a few more accusations against Ānanda appear only in texts from a certain region and are less credible.

“In the narratives passed down, there are a few more accusations against Ānanda, but these appear only in the texts belonging to the tradition of a certain area and are thus less credible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Buddha originally had a very long lifespan and profound meditative abilities, so he could have and should have remained in the world.

“The Buddha originally had a very long lifespan and possessed very profound meditative abilities, and so he could have and should have remained in this world.”

May combine two claims.

All sages know that conditioned things are impermanent, but when facing the Buddha's parinirvāṇa even sages experienced sorrow and despair.

“In terms of manifested phenomena, all sages know that all conditioned things are impermanent, and that whatever comes into being will also pass away.But when facing the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, even the sages unavoidably experienced sorrow, despair, and presumedly felt that the Buddha should not have entered parinirvāṇa in that way.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Originally, the Buddha's parinirvāṇa only gave rise to the notion that he should not have entered parinirvāṇa like that, a mere wish in the disciples' minds.

“Originally, the Buddha entering parinirvāṇa only gave rise to the notion that the Buddha should not have entered parinirvāṇa like that, which was merely a wish in the minds of Buddha's disciples.”

May combine two claims.

The narrative of relinquishing lifeforce implies that the Buddha's lifespan was originally much longer and he could have remained in the world and not entered parinirvāṇa so early.

“Third, the narrative includes the act of relinquishing lifeforce, which implies that the Buddha's lifespan originally was much longer and that he could have remained in this world and not entered parinirvāṇa so early.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Māra does not want the Buddha and the Dharma to exist in this world.

“Māra is one who does not want the Buddha and the Dharma to exist in this world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The incident in which Ānanda allowed women to see the Buddha's private parts went too far.

“However, the incident in which Ānanda allowed women to see the Buddha's private parts went too far.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mahākāśyapa pointed out three incidents that can be considered emotionally reasonable.

“Therefore, [the fact that] Mahākāśyapa pointed out the following three incidents can be considered emotionally reasonable.”

May combine two claims.

This idea influenced the belief that the Buddha's lifespan was eons long, which became a general belief among the Buddha's disciples.

“This idea [influenced] the belief that Buddha's lifespan was eons long, and this became a general belief held by the Buddha's disciples.”

May combine two claims.

It is possible that Ānanda let women pay respect first and their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.

“Logically speaking, it is indeed possible that Ānanda let women pay their respect first and that their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These sentences implied that those who loathe cyclical existence perceive the world inaccurately and believe one must leave it as soon as possible.

“These few sentences by the Buddha implied that those who loathe cyclical existence perceive the world inaccurately, and believe that one must leave this world as soon as possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Māra always tried to hinder the Buddha's cultivation, prevent his Buddhahood, and hamper his spread of the Dharma.

“Fourth, Māra had always tried to hinder the Buddha's cultivation of the path to prevent him from attaining Buddhahood and to hamper his efforts to spread the Dharma.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Due to the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, this consensus immediately spread among his followers and became a fact.

“Due to the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, this consensus immediately spread among his followers and became a fact.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This is the reason Ānanda did not know to request the Buddha to remain in the world.

“This is the reason Ānanda did not know to request the Buddha to remain in this world.”

May combine two claims.

The water incident was likely either not bringing water or offering turbid water for bathing.

“To sum up, this event was likely a matter of not bringing water or of offering some turbid water for bathing.”

May combine two claims.

The Buddha did not remain, which fulfilled Māra's long-cherished wish.

“But he did not do so, and this can be said to have fulfilled Māra's long-cherished wish.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The issue of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa remained deeply in the minds of his disciples.

“The issue of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa remained deeply in the minds of his disciples.”

May combine two claims.

The fact is likely to be that women were allowed to pay respects first and their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.

“The fact is likely to be that the women were allowed to pay their respects first and that their tears sullied the Buddha's feet.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Within the content of the story there must be something true.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Buddha could have remained in the world for a much longer time.

“The Buddha, by contrast, could have remained in this world for a much longer time.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Once this became a common consensus, Ānanda's fault became a major issue.

“But once this became a common consensus, Ānanda's fault became a major issue.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Had Ānanda requested the Buddha to remain, the Buddha would have done so.

“Had Ānanda [understood the hint and] requested the Buddha to remain in the world, then the Buddha would have done so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Because Ānanda did not request the Buddha to remain, he had to be held responsible for the Tathāgata's early entrance into parinirvāṇa.

“Because he did not request the Buddha to remain in this world, he had to be held responsible for the Tathāgata's early entrance into”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is difficult to believe that Ānanda would have done this intentionally.

“Concerning the latter action, it is difficult to believe that Ānanda would have done this intentionally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The next three faults for which Ānanda was censured relate to failures in his duties as the Buddha's attendant.

“The next three faults for which Ānanda was censured relate to failures in his duties as the Buddha's attendant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Allowing women to pay respects first would naturally not have been well-received by Mahākāśyapa and his followers.

“Allowing women to pay respects first would naturally have not been well-received by Mahākāśyapa and his followers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Their conclusion was that Buddha-established precepts cannot be removed and new ones cannot be added, implying that only the Buddha could legislate and that his rules were fixed forever.

“Accordingly, their conclusion was that whatever precepts the Buddha had set cannot be discarded, while what was not set into rules should not be added.Consequently, this came to mean that only the Buddha could set the precepts and that all those precepts were permanent and fixed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Adherents of that view hold that flexibility is required for changing circumstances, so a unanimous and deliberate saṃgha decision may discard minor precepts.

“Those supporting this position believe there is a need for flexibility to cater to changing and different situations.That means that, if after careful consideration, the saṃgha harmoniously and unanimously agrees, then the minor precepts can be discarded.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Though the two events were ordinary, later biased analysis of their causes and effects made Ānanda's alleged faults seem very grave.

“The two events in themselves were ordinary, but afterwards, the causes and effects of these events were analyzed with bias, and Ānanda's so-called faults were regarded as extremely serious.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Without Ānanda, the First Council could not have compiled the Dharma canon.

“In fact, the compilation of the Dharma canon at the First Council could not have happened without Ānanda.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because of that stance, other factors were overlooked and the nuns' community was unjustly blamed for the shortened duration of the true Dharma.

“Due to this position, all other aspects were ignored and the bhikṣuṇī saṃgha was unfairly blamed for the shorter duration of the righteous Dharma's presence in the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Based on records passed down, vinaya masters from the Northern area may have singled out Ānanda and are suspected of gathering information to frame him.

“Based on the records passed down, it may seem that the vinaya masters from the Northern area singled out Ānanda, and they are suspected of trying to gather as much information as they could to frame him.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

They held that Ānanda's advocacy for women's ordination shortened the true Dharma and that his failure to ask the Buddha to remain shortened the Buddha's stay.

“They believed that Ānanda pleaded for women's ordination and so the righteous Dharma would not last as long as expected, and his failure to request the Buddha to remain meant that the Buddha did not stay longer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ānanda's transmission of the Buddha's final allowance to discard minor precepts stands for the view that the essential spirit of the precepts matters most.

“In terms of the faults concerning the precepts, Ānanda's conveyance of the Buddha's final instruction that minor precepts could be discarded represents the position of those who place emphasis on the fundamental spirit of precepts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mahākāśyapa stands for equal observance of major and minor precepts, treating any discarding of minor rules as destruction of the vinaya.

“In contrast, Mahākāśyapa represents the position that primary and minor precepts should be upheld equally, and therefore the notion that minor precepts can be discarded is viewed as destroying the vinaya.”