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TREM2 shedding by cleavage at the H157‐S158 bond is accelerated for the Alzheimer's disease‐associated H157Y variant
Open accessAbstract
We have characterised the proteolytic cleavage events responsible for the shedding of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) from primary cultures of human macrophages, murine microglia and TREM2‐expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. In all cell types, a soluble 17 kDa N‐terminal cleavage fragment was shed into the conditioned media in a constitutive process that is inhibited by G1254023X and metalloprotease inhibitors and siRNA targeting ADAM10. Inhibitors of serine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases 2/9, and ADAM17 siRNA did not block TREM2 shedding. Peptidomimetic protease inhibitors highlighted a possible cleavage site, and mass spectrometry confirmed that shedding occurred predominantly at the H157‐S158 peptide bond for both wild‐type and H157Y human TREM2 and for the wild‐type murine orthologue. Crucially, we also show that the Alzheimer's disease‐associated H157Y TREM2 variant was shed more rapidly than wild type from HEK293 cells, possibly by a novel, batimastat‐ and ADAM10‐siRNA‐independent, sheddase activity. These insights offer new therapeutic targets for modulating the innate immune response in Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.
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“Increased shedding from microglia [45], leading to phagocytosis deficits [46]”
From TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“and increased shedding (p.H157Y [45], Table 1)”
From TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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Additional file 1 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608512
Additional file 2 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608515
Additional file 10 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608542
Additional file 7 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608530
Additional file 5 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608524
Moutinho, M., Coronel, I., Tsai, A. P., Prisco, G. V. D., Pennington, T., Atwood, B. K., Puntambekar, S. S., Smith, D. C., Martínez, P., Han, S., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22599133
Additional file 4 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608521
Additional file 3 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608518
Beckmann, N., Neuhaus, A., Zurbruegg, S., Volkmer, P., Patiño, C., Joller, S., Feuerbach, D., Doelemeyer, A., Schweizer, T., Rudin, S., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22598837
Additional file 6 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608527
Additional file 9 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608539
Additional file 8 of Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology
Qiao, W., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. M., Martens, Y. A., Liu, C.-C., Knight, J., Ikezu, T. C., Kurti, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608536
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Amyloid Beta Revisited: A Versatile Immune PolypeptidePreprint
Slama, P. S. (2026) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/2esvyp
Molecular mechanisms of action of MT-MMPs involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
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Amyloid Beta Revisited: A Versatile Immune PolypeptidePreprint
Slama, P. S. (2026) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/2esvyp.2
Soluble TREM2 reduces DAP12 surface expression by dissociating the TREM2–DAP12 complexPreprint
Yamada, A., & Tsuruta, F. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.05.723083
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Jiang, X., Ma, J., Liu, Z., & Chen, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1955615
Dynamic Crosstalk Between TREM2+ Macrophages and the MASLD Hepatic Microenvironment
Li, X., Yu, C., Mao, A., Peng, Y., Yiyang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14102167
Identification of RNA-Binding Proteins Regulating the Alternative Splicing of TREM2 Exon 4
Yamada, H., Yanaizu, M., Iwai, N., Kato, M., Suzuki, H., 若井, 瑞., Araki, M., & Kino, Y. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17101188
Metadata
- Authors
- Thornton, P., Sevalle, J., Deery, M. J., Fraser, G., Zhou, Y., Ståhl, S., Franssen, E. H., Dodd, R. B., Qamar, S., Gomez Perez‐Nievas, B., Nicol, L. S., Eketjäll, S., Revell, J., Jones, C., Billinton, A., St George‐Hyslop, P. H., Chessell, I., & Crowther, D. C.
- Affiliations
- AstraZeneca (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Crowther, Damian C
- ORCID
- Venue
- EMBO Molecular Medicine
- Published
- 2017-08-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1366-1378
- ISSN
- 1757-4676 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-4684
- PMC
- PMC5623839
- OpenAlex
- W2753509052
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome
- Canadian Institute of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
- Keywords
- TREM2, Alzheimer's disease, protein shedding, proteolytic cleavage, ADAM10, metalloproteinase inhibitors, microglia, macrophages, innate immune response, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- ADAM10 Protein, ADAM17 Protein, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Humans, Ketocholesterols, Macrophages, Membrane Glycoproteins, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Receptors, Immunologic, Culture Media, Conditioned, Microglia, RNA, Small Interfering, Mice, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases, HEK293 Cells, Proteolysis, Primary Cell Culture, Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
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