Cited by 107Diabetes Management and ResearchPancreatic function and diabetesDiabetes and associated disorders

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MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Pathogenesis and management of hypoglycemia

Kittah, Nana Esi, Vella, Adrian·2017·European Journal of Endocrinology

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Abstract

Glucose is the main substrate utilized by the brain and as such multiple regulatory mechanisms exist to maintain glucose concentrations. When these mechanisms fail or are defective, hypoglycemia ensues. Due to these robust mechanisms, hypoglycemia is uncommon and usually occurs in the setting of the treatment of diabetes using glucose-lowering agents such as sulfonylureas or insulin. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are non-specific and as such it is important to confirm hypoglycemia by establishing the presence of Whipple's triad before embarking on an evaluation for hypoglycemia. When possible, evaluation of hypoglycemia should be carried out at the time of spontaneous occurrence of symptoms. If this is not possible then one would want to create the circumstances under which symptoms occur. In cases where symptoms occur in the post absorptive state, a 72-h fast should be performed. Likewise, if symptoms occur after a meal then a mixed meal study may be the test of choice. The causes of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia include insulinoma, post-bariatric hypoglycemia and noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome. Autoimmune hypoglycemia syndrome is clinically and biochemically similar to insulinoma but associated with high levels of insulin antibodies and plasma insulin. Other important causes of hypoglycemia include medications, non-islet cell tumors, hormonal deficiencies, critical illness and factitious hypoglycemia. We provide an overview of the pathogenesis…

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Authors: Kittah, N. E., & Vella, A.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Vella, Adrian
ORCID: Vella, Adrian
Venue: European Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-07
Volume: 177
Issue: 1
Pages: R37-R47
ISSN: 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
1479-683X
DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1062
OpenAlex: W2604577308
Cited by: 107
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 1.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords: hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia management, Whipple's triad, insulinoma, post-bariatric hypoglycemia, insulin antibodies, drug-induced hypoglycemia, non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia, factitious hypoglycemia, glucose regulation
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Disease Management

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MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Pathogenesis and management of hypoglycemia

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