Smart grids with intelligent periphery: An architecture for the energy internet
Open accessAbstract
A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric vehicles and local energy storage will be widely deployed. Internet technology will be utilized to transform the power grid into an energy-sharing inter-grid. To prepare for the future, a smart grid with intelligent periphery, or smart GRIP, is proposed. The building blocks of GRIP architecture are called clusters and include an energy-management system (EMS)-controlled transmission grid in the core and distribution grids, micro-grids, and smart buildings and homes on the periphery; all of which are hierarchically structured. The layered architecture of GRIP allows a seamless transition from the present to the future and plug-and-play interoperability. The basic functions of a cluster consist of ① dispatch, ② smoothing, and ③ mitigation. A risk-limiting dispatch methodology is presented; a new device, called the electric spring, is developed for smoothing out fluctuations in periphery clusters; and means to mitigate failures are discussed.
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Layered architecture is needed to evolve from the traditional grid to the intelligent grid and to handle interoperability.
“In the energy context, layered architecture is needed to evolve from the traditional grid to the intelligent grid and to handle interoperability [18].”
From Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Wu, F. F., Varaiya, P. P., & Hui, R. S. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Felix F.
- ORCID
- Varaiya, Pravin P.
- Venue
- Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 436-446
- ISSN
- 2095-8099 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2223743256
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB215102)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid and Power Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Keywords
- smart grid, energy internet, microgrids, smart buildings, distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, local energy storage, energy sharing, energy management systems, electric spring, failure mitigation, interoperability
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