The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Impact of School Daily Schedule on Adolescent Sleep
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study was initiated to examine the impact of starting school on adolescent sleep, to compare weekday and weekend sleep times, and to attempt to normalize the timing of the circadian sleep/wake cycle by administering bright light in the morning. This was a collaborative project involving high school students and their parents, as well as high school and university faculty members, for the purpose of contributing information to the scientific community while educating students about research processes and their own sleep/wake cycles and patterns. METHODS: Sixty incoming high school seniors kept sleep/wake diaries beginning in August and continuing through 2 weeks after the start of school in September. Sleep diaries were also kept for 1 month in November and 1 month in February. Early-morning light treatments were given to 19 students in the last 2 weeks of November and the last 2 weeks of February. Neuropsychologic performance was measured with computer-administered tests. Paper-and-pencil tests were used for assessment of mood and vigor. A testing period consisted of 2 consecutive days at the beginning and end of November and at the beginning and end of February. Tests were given 3 times per day, ie, in the morning before school (6:30-8:00 AM), during midday lunch periods (11:30 AM to 1:00 PM), and in the afternoon (3:00-4:30 PM), on each of the test days. RESULTS: Adolescents lost as much as 120 minutes of sleep per night during the week after the start of school, and weekend sleep time was also significantly longer (approximately 30 minutes) than that seen before the start of school (August). No significant differences were found between weekday sleep in the summer and weekend sleep during the school year. Early-morning light treatments did not modify total minutes of sleep per night, mood, or computer-administered vigilance test results. All students performed better in the afternoon than in the morning. Students in early morning classes reported being wearier, being less alert, and having to expend greater effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that current high school start times contribute to sleep deprivation among adolescents. Consistent with a delay in circadian sleep phase, students performed better later in the day than in the early morning. However, exposure to bright light in the morning did not change the sleep/wake cycle or improve daytime performance during weekdays. Both short-term and long-term strategies that address the epidemic of sleep deprivation among adolescents will be necessary to improve health and maximize school performance.
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“Instead, adolescents are faced with school schedules that sharply conflict with their pre-disposed timing (Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, Zee, & Dubocovich, 2005). Consequently, adolescents are forced to adopt schedules that are too early during the school week, resulting in difficulty falling asleep at night, curtailed sleep duration, and daytime fatigue.”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hansen et al., 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, M., Janssen, I., Schiff, A., Zee, P. C., & Dubocovich, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Science Department, Evanston Township High School, Evanston, Illinois; Departments of
- Neurology
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2005-06-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1555-1561
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2136566387
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 14.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (KO7 HL0389)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- adolescent sleep, school start time, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm, bright light therapy, morning light exposure, circadian phase delay, daytime performance, high school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Appointments and Schedules, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Illinois, Life Style, Male, Medical Records, Phototherapy, Psychomotor Performance, Schools, Seasons, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Students, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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