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Cited by 123Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder

Open access
Hasler, Brant P., Soehner, Adriane M., Clark, Duncan B.·2015·Alcohol
DOI 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.06.010PMC PMC4424185
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Abstract

Adolescence is a time of marked changes across sleep, circadian rhythms, brain function, and alcohol use. Starting at puberty, adolescents’ endogenous circadian rhythms and preferred sleep times shift later, often leading to a mismatch with the schedules imposed by secondary education. This mismatch induces circadian misalignment and sleep loss, which have been associated with affect dysregulation, increased drug and alcohol use, and other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents and adults. In parallel to developmental changes in sleep, adolescent brains are undergoing structural and functional changes in the circuits subserving the pursuit and processing of rewards. These developmental changes in reward processing likely contribute to the initiation of alcohol use during adolescence. Abundant evidence indicates that sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function, suggesting that adolescent sleep and circadian disturbance may contribute to altered reward function, and in turn, alcohol involvement. In this review, we summarize the relevant evidence and propose that these parallel developmental changes in sleep, circadian rhythms, and neural processing of reward interact to increase risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD).

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review proposes that adolescent developmental delays in circadian timing, combined with early school schedules, produce circadian misalignment and sleep loss that alter reward circuitry and increase risk for alcohol use disorder. It synthesizes cross-sectional, longitudinal, circadian, neuroimaging, and animal evidence to support a bidirectional cycle among sleep/circadian disturbance, reward dysregulation, and alcohol involvement.

Key findings

  • The review’s central model is that delayed circadian phase in adolescence creates chronic misalignment with school schedules; this sleep/circadian disturbance is proposed to impact reward processing and increase alcohol use and risk-taking, while alcohol in turn disrupts sleep and circadian rhythms.
  • Cross-sectional evidence: 68.9% of 12,154 US high-school students reported school-night sleep durations under 8 h and were more likely to have used alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes in the past 30 days after adjustment; past-year insomnia symptoms were associated with increased alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use in 4,494 12–18-year-olds; weekday-weekend differences in bedtime and rise time were associated with higher smoking, alcohol, and marijuana use in 242 9th–11th graders after controlling for demographics and sleep duration.
  • Longitudinal evidence: parent-rated childhood sleep problems at ages 3–8 predicted alcohol problems in early adolescence (12–14 years) and late adolescence/young adulthood (18–20 years), with adolescent response inhibition mediating the association; in 979 young adults, hypersomnia predicted increased AUD risk (OR = 3.92) over 3.5 years, while insomnia was not significant (OR = 1.72); in a 5-year adolescent study, 347 adolescents with AUD reported more insomnia and hypersomnia than 349 reference peers, and among reference youth baseline insomnia and sleep-duration variability increased risk for subsequent alcohol symptoms.
  • Circadian/reward evidence: in 21 adolescents with a history of substance abuse and current sleep disturbance, DLMO–wake time misalignment positively correlated with past-30-day substance-use disorder symptoms and was unrelated to sleep continuity; in 19 alcohol-dependent adults, Per2 rhythm period correlated with number of AUD symptoms; neuroimaging studies linked later sleep timing, social jet lag, and eveningness to altered mPFC and striatal reward responses, which correlated with greater alcohol consumption and more alcohol dependence symptoms.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review and theoretical synthesis; no new primary experimental study.
  • Data/sample: synthesizes human adolescent and adult studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal, sleep-treatment, circadian, neuroimaging, and genetic) plus animal models; cited samples range from small circadian pilot studies to large surveys (e.g., 12,154 high-school students; 4,494 adolescents; 979 young adults).
  • Analysis: qualitative integration of evidence to propose a model linking circadian misalignment, reward function, and adolescent AUD; no meta-analysis or systematic search is described.

Limitations

  • Stated: definitive causal relationships await prospective and experimental studies; more adolescent samples, physiological circadian measures, experimental designs, and longitudinal designs are needed.
  • Stated: adolescent circadian studies remain scarce, longitudinal studies are scant and mixed, treatment effects on alcohol outcomes are open or indeterminate, and some melatonin data have methodological limitations.
  • Evident from text: as a narrative review, it relies heavily on cross-sectional associations and self-report chronotype/social jet lag proxies; several key mechanistic findings come from animal models and require human replication.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.06.010

Cites

169 of 169 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 131 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The authors' own pilot fMRI study reported evidence that the striatum responds more strongly to monetary reward in the afternoon relative to the morning.

    “Further, our own pilot fMRI study reported evidence that the striatum responds more strongly to monetary reward in the afternoon relative to the morning (Hasler, Forbes, & Franzen, 2014).”
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    • cites Hasler, Forbes, & Franzen, 2014

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  • Findingown data

    In a sample of 285 adolescents, at baseline, 11.3% of the 12-19-year-old sample reported frequently or almost always using alcohol when they had trouble sleeping.

    “At baseline, 11.3% of the 12–19-year-old sample reported ‘frequently’ or ‘almost always’ using alcohol when they had trouble sleeping on the Inventory of Drinking Situations (Annis, 1982).”
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    • cites Hasler et al., unpublished data

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  • Premisecitation

    Past-year insomnia symptoms were associated with increased use of alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs, after controlling for sex effects, in a sample of 4494 12-18-year-olds.

    “Past-year insomnia symptoms were associated with increased use of alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs, after controlling for sex effects, in a sample of 4494 12–18-year-olds (Roane & Taylor, 2008).”
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    • cites Roane & Taylor, 2008

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  • Premisecitation

    Reduced sensitivity to the homeostatic sleep drive that builds during extended wakefulness may contribute to later bedtimes in adolescents.

    “Reduced sensitivity to the homeostatic sleep drive that builds during extended wakefulness may also contribute to later bedtimes in adolescents (Hagenauer, Perryman, Lee, & Carskadon, 2009).”
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    • cites Hagenauer et al., 2009 source

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  • Premisecitation

    The developmental shift toward later sleep timing reflects, in part, alterations in the endogenous circadian clock, which shift to a later phase during puberty.

    “These changes reflect, in part, alterations in the endogenous circadian clock, which shift to a later (more delayed) phase during puberty (Carskadon, Vieira, & Acebo, 1993).”
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    • cites Carskadon et al., 1993 source

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    Findingcitation

    Frequency of alcohol use as a sleep aid decreased during follow-up; by the 5-year visit, less than 5% of the total sample and 16% of heavy drinkers reported using alcohol when they had trouble sleeping.

    “Furthermore, frequency of alcohol use as a sleep aid decreased during follow-up; by the 5-year visit, less than 5% of the total sample and 16% of the heavy drinkers reported using alcohol when they had trouble sleeping.”
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    • cites Hasler et al., unpublished data

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    Findingown data

    The proportion of teens reporting alcohol use as a sleep aid varied based on extent of alcohol use; teens who drank 2 or more drinks per day reported using alcohol as a sleep aid 30% of the time, compared to 10% or less in lower drinking categories.

    “Teens who drank 2 or more drinks per day reported using alcohol as a sleep aid 30% of the time, as compared to 10% or less of the teens in the lower drinking categories.”
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    • cites Hasler et al., unpublished data

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescents are faced with school schedules that sharply conflict with their predisposed timing, forcing them to adopt schedules that are too early during the school week, resulting in difficulty falling asleep, curtailed sleep duration, and daytime fatigue.

    “Instead, adolescents are faced with school schedules that sharply conflict with their pre-disposed timing (Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, Zee, & Dubocovich, 2005). Consequently, adolescents are forced to adopt schedules that are too early during the school week, resulting in difficulty falling asleep at night, curtailed sleep duration, and daytime fatigue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hansen et al., 2005 source

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    Premisecitation

    Self-reported sleep problems were significantly associated with AUD, negative emotionality, and tobacco involvement, and the association between AUD and sleep problems remained statistically significant after controlling for negative emotionality and tobacco involvement.

    “Comparing adolescents with AUDs and a reference group, Clark and colleagues (Clark, Lynch, Donovan, & Block, 2001) found self-reported sleep problems (5 items) to be significantly associated with AUD, negative emotionality, and tobacco involvement. The association between AUD and sleep problems remained statistically significant after controlling for negative emotionality and tobacco involvement.”
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    • cites Clark et al., 2001 source

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    Premisenone given

    Circadian misalignment and sleep loss are associated with affect dysregulation, increased drug and alcohol use, and other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents and adults.

    “This mismatch induces circadian misalignment and sleep loss, which have been associated with affect dysregulation, increased drug and alcohol use, and other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents and adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Adolescent sleep and circadian disturbance may contribute to altered reward function, and in turn, alcohol involvement.

    “Abundant evidence indicates that sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function, suggesting that adolescent sleep and circadian disturbance may contribute to altered reward function, and in turn, alcohol involvement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Starting at puberty, adolescents' endogenous circadian rhythms and preferred sleep times shift later, often leading to a mismatch with schedules imposed by secondary education.

    “Starting at puberty, adolescents’ endogenous circadian rhythms and preferred sleep times shift later, often leading to a mismatch with the schedules imposed by secondary education.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Self-reported sleep quality over the past month was associated with greater binge drinking and more alcohol-related consequences in a sample of 261 college students.

    “Self-reported sleep quality over the past month was associated with greater binge drinking and more alcohol-related consequences (e.g., “Had a fight, argument, or bad feelings with a friend”) in a sample of 261 college students (Kenney, LaBrie, Hummer, & Pham, 2012).”
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    • cites Kenney et al., 2012 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adults with AUDs report shorter sleep times, and this may persist for years into abstinence.

    “Adults with AUDs report shorter sleep times, and this may persist for years into abstinence (Roehrs & Roth, 2001).”
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    • cites Roehrs & Roth, 2001 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Sleep problems, including disturbed sleep continuity, insufficient sleep duration, and hypersomnia, have all been associated with alcohol problems, suggesting that any sleep disturbance increases risk for AUDs.

    “Although there are important distinctions among these categories, all have been associated with alcohol problems, suggesting that any sleep disturbance increases risk for AUDs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Sleeping later on weekends delays internal circadian timing, maintaining adolescents' later circadian timing and resulting in insomnia and sleep loss as the school week begins.

    “Sleeping later has consequences for the circadian system, which responds to the later rise times and later exposure to light by delaying internal timing (Crowley & Carskadon, 2010). This maintains adolescents’ later circadian timing, resulting in insomnia and sleep loss as the school week begins.”
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    • cites Crowley & Carskadon, 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    In a recent study of 215 university students, eveningness was associated with increased endorsement of various drinking motivations, including drinking for social reasons, for enhancement, for conformity, and, most notably, increased endorsement of drinking to cope.

    “A recent study of 215 university students reported that eveningness was associated with increased endorsement of various drinking motivations, including drinking for social reasons (e.g., to enjoy a party), for enhancement (e.g., to get high), for conformity (e.g., to be liked), and, most notably, increased endorsement of drinking to cope (e.g., to forget about problems or improve mood) (Currie et”
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    • cites Currie et al., 2004 source

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    Premisecitation

    In a comparison of 52 alcohol-dependent adults to 19 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, the alcohol-dependent group reported more insomnia and worse sleep quality, and suggestive evidence was present of delayed circadian timing and altered sleep-circadian alignment.

    “Conroy and colleagues (2012) compared 52 alcohol-dependent adults to 19 age- and sex-matched healthy controls on sleep and circadian characteristics. The alcohol-dependent group had been abstinent for 3–12 weeks. The alcohol-dependent group reported more insomnia and worse sleep quality, and suggestive evidence was present of delayed circadian timing (based on DLMO) and altered sleep-circadian”
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    Premisecitation

    Some epidemiological studies link shorter sleep durations to increased alcohol consumption and more frequent binge drinking, while others link longer sleep durations (usually > 9 h) to greater alcohol use.

    “Some epidemiological studies link shorter sleep durations to increased alcohol consumption and more frequent binge drinking (Krueger & Friedman, 2009), while others link longer sleep durations (usually > 9 h) to greater alcohol use (e.g., Gottlieb et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2004).”
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    • cites Krueger & Friedman, 2009 source

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    • cites Patel et al., 2004 source

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    Premisecitation

    In a small trial of 18 adolescent participants, a multicomponent sleep intervention based on sleep restriction, stimulus control, and mindfulness meditation reduced substance use, and increased sleep duration was associated with reductions in substance-related problems.

    “In a small trial (18 adolescent participants) of a multicomponent sleep intervention based on sleep restriction, stimulus control, and mindfulness meditation, participants reported reduced substance use. Increased sleep duration was associated with reductions in substance-related problems (Britton et al., 2010).”
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    • cites Britton et al., 2010 source

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    Premisenone given

    Eveningness was associated with lower endorsement of problem- or emotion-focused coping with stress, as well as worse subjective sleep quality.

    “In contrast, eveningness was associated with lower endorsement of problem- or emotion-focused coping with stress, as well as worse subjective sleep quality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In the Pasch et al. study, neither weekday-weekend difference measure was related to depressive symptoms; weekday and weekend sleep duration were unrelated to substance use, but shorter weekday sleep duration was significantly associated with depressive symptoms.

    “Neither difference measure was related to depressive symptoms. In contrast, weekday and weekend sleep duration (as well as their difference) were unrelated to substance use, but shorter weekday sleep duration was significantly associated with depressive symptoms.”
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    • cites Pasch et al., 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    Social jet lag may be associated with substance use and depression in adolescents and adults.

    “Social jet lag may be associated with substance use and depression in adolescents and adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Two adult studies assessing weekday-weekend difference in midsleep reported associations with elevated smoking and depression.

    “Two adult studies assessing weekday-weekend difference in midsleep reported associations with elevated smoking (Wittmann et al., 2006) and depression (Levandovski et al., 2011).”
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    • cites Wittmann et al., 2006 source

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    • cites Levandovski et al., 2011 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adult sleep treatment studies in recovering drinkers consistently report improvements in sleep, but either indeterminate effects on alcohol outcomes in cognitive-behavioral treatment studies or worse alcohol outcomes following pharmacological treatment.

    “Adult sleep treatment studies in recovering drinkers consistently report improvements in sleep, but either indeterminate effects on alcohol outcomes in cognitive-behavioral treatment studies (Arnedt et al., 2007; Arnedt, Conroy, Armitage, & Brower, 2011; Currie, Clark, Hodgins, & El-Guebaly, 2004) or worse alcohol outcomes following pharmacological treatment (Friedmann et al., 2008).”
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    • cites Arnedt et al., 2007 source

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    • cites Currie et al., 2004 source

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    • cites Friedmann et al., 2008 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    The DLMO-wake time phase angle was unrelated to measures of sleep continuity, suggesting that circadian factors, rather than sleep disturbance per se, contributed to increased substance abuse.

    “Furthermore, the DLMO-wake time phase angle was unrelated to measures of sleep continuity, suggesting that circadian factors, rather than sleep disturbance per se, contributed to the increased substance abuse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In the O'Brien & Mindell study, weekday-weekend differences in total sleep time were unrelated to substance use, while less sleep on school nights was associated with depressed mood and increased alcohol use, but not with other substance use.

    “Similar to the above study, weekday-weekend differences in total sleep time were unrelated to substance use, while less sleep on school nights was associated with depressed mood. Interestingly, less sleep on school nights was also associated with increased alcohol use, but not with other substance use.”
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    • cites O’Brien & Mindell, 2005

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    Premisecitation

    An emerging literature links mutations in circadian genes (e.g., Period and Clock) to human alcohol involvement, consistent with findings in the animal literature.

    “An emerging literature also links mutations in circadian genes (e.g., Period and Clock) to human alcohol involvement, consistent with findings in the more substantive animal literature (reviewed in Logan, Williams, & McClung, 2014).”
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    • cites Logan et al., 2014 source

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    Interpretationnone given

    Extant longitudinal findings are mixed but generally consistent with sleep complaints and circadian disturbance conferring risk for the development of new alcohol problems or relapse to recurrent alcohol problems.

    “Extant findings are mixed, but are generally consistent with sleep complaints and circadian disturbance conferring risk for the development of new alcohol problems or relapse to recurrent alcohol problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Among reference adolescents without AUD, both baseline insomnia and variability in sleep duration increased risk for subsequent alcohol symptoms.

    “Among the reference adolescents without AUD, both baseline insomnia and variability in sleep duration increased risk for subsequent alcohol symptoms.”
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    • cites Hasler et al., 2014

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    Premisecitation

    Acute alcohol consumption tends to reduce the latency to sleep onset, increase slow wave sleep and sleep consolidation, and decrease rapid eye movement (REM) during the first half of the sleep period.

    “Acute alcohol consumption tends to reduce the latency to sleep onset, increase slow wave sleep (deep sleep) and sleep consolidation, and decrease rapid eye movement (REM) during the first half of the sleep period (see Ebrahim, Shapiro, Williams, & Fenwick, 2013 for review).”
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    • cites Ebrahim et al., 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    In 19 alcohol-dependent adults, Per2 rhythm amplitude and period were similar to those of a control group of 10 age- and race-matched adults, but within the alcohol-dependent group, the period of Per2 rhythms correlated with the number of AUD symptoms.

    “Another study used bioluminescence methods to examine the rhythmicity of circadian gene expression (Per2) in skin fibroblasts collected from 19 alcohol-dependent adults (McCarthy, Fernandes, Kranzler, Covault, & Welsh, 2013). Rhythm amplitude and period in the alcohol-dependent group were similar to those of a control group of 10 age- and race-matched adults. Within the alcohol-dependent group, t”
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    • cites McCarthy et al., 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    In a sample of 979 young adults, hypersomnia predicted an increased AUD risk (OR = 3.92) over the course of 3.5 years, while insomnia was not significantly associated with an increased risk for AUD (OR = 1.72).

    “Breslau, Roth, Rosenthal, & Andreski (1996) reported that, in a sample of 979 young adults (21–30 years) meeting diagnostic criteria for hypersomnia predicted an increased AUD risk (OR = 3.92) over the course of 3.5 years. Insomnia was not significantly associated with an increased risk for AUD (OR = 1.72).”
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    • cites Breslau et al., 1996 source

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    Premisecitation

    Alcohol was more stimulating in the evening, consistent with evidence that adolescents are relatively less sensitive to alcohol's sedating properties.

    “Specifically, alcohol was more stimulating in the evening (increasing onset latency to sleep), consistent with evidence that adolescents are relatively less sensitive to alcohol’s sedating properties (Spear, 2000).”
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    • cites Spear, 2000 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescence is characterized by developmentally specific changes in reward-related behavior, including initiation of alcohol involvement and increased risk-taking, that reflect ongoing changes in the structure and function of reward-related circuitry.

    “Adolescence is characterized by developmentally specific changes in reward-related behavior, including initiation of alcohol involvement and increased risk-taking, that are assumed to reflect ongoing changes in the structure and function of reward-related circuitry (Ernst & Fudge, 2009; Forbes & Dahl, 2005; Spear, 2000).”
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    • cites Ernst & Fudge, 2009 source

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    • cites Spear, 2000 source

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    Premisecitation

    In 24 late adolescents (18-21 years old, 12 women), sleep onset latency was not reduced following alcohol consumption relative to a placebo control, and alcohol consumption was associated with increased wakefulness during the rest of the night.

    “A study in 24 late adolescents (18–21 years old, 12 women) supports this hypothesis, in that sleep onset latency was not reduced following alcohol consumption relative to a placebo control, and alcohol consumption was associated with increased wakefulness during the rest of the night (Chan, Trinder, Andrewes, Colrain, & Nicholas, 2013).”
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    • cites Chan et al., 2013 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Extant evidence indicates that alcohol consumption disrupts sleep, is even more stimulating and sleep-disturbing in adolescents, and concurrently disrupts the ability of the circadian system to adapt to shifting schedules.

    “In summary, extant evidence indicates that alcohol consumption disrupts sleep, is even more stimulating and sleep-disturbing in adolescents, and concurrently disrupts the ability of the circadian system to adapt to shifting schedules.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sleep and circadian challenges may tip developmentally typical changes in reward function into pathological patterns of behavior, including excessive alcohol use, which can in turn exacerbate sleep and circadian disturbance.

    “That is, sleep and circadian challenges may tip developmentally typical changes in reward function into pathological patterns of behavior, including excessive alcohol use, which can in turn exacerbate the sleep and circadian disturbance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Studies evaluating the impact of acute alcohol administration on the circadian system in healthy adults have produced mixed findings, though most studies have reported changes in the amplitude of melatonin and core body temperature rhythms, suggesting circadian disruption.

    “Studies evaluating the impact of acute alcohol administration on the circadian system in healthy adults have produced mixed findings, though most studies have reported changes in the amplitude of melatonin and core body temperature (CBT) rhythms, suggesting circadian disruption (see Hasler, Smith, et al., 2012 for review).”
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    • cites Hasler et al., 2012

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    Premisecitation

    Adults with AUDs report more difficulty falling asleep and reduced total sleep time, although interpretation of such reports is complicated by the fact that most data come from individuals in various stages of abstinence.

    “Consistent with this concern, adults with AUDs report more difficulty falling asleep and reduced total sleep time, although interpretation of such reports is complicated by the fact that most of these data come from individuals in various stages of abstinence (Brower, 2001).”
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    • cites Brower, 2001

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    Premisecitation

    These patterns of mPFC and striatal reactivity correlated with greater alcohol consumption and more alcohol dependence symptoms, respectively.

    “Crucially, these patterns of mPFC and striatal reactivity correlated with greater alcohol consumption and more alcohol dependence symptoms, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hasler, Sitnick, Shaw, & Forbes, 2013

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In healthy adolescents and adults, sleep disturbance and sleep loss are associated with increased risk-taking and typically hyper-responsivity to reward.

    “In healthy adolescents and adults, sleep disturbance and sleep loss are associated with increased risk-taking and (typically) hyper-responsivity to reward.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In 286 healthy adolescents (13-16 years), poorer sleep quality predicted more negative affect and less positive affect the next day.

    “An experience-sampling study of 286 healthy adolescents (13–16 years) showed that poorer sleep quality (rated on a 7-point scale) predicted more negative affect and less positive affect the next day (van Zundert, van Roekel, Engels, & Scholte, 2013).”
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    • cites van Zundert, van Roekel, Engels, & Scholte, 2013

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Evening-types with an insomnia diagnosis exhibit both delayed and blunted positive affect rhythms, suggesting an alteration in the timing and degree of reward activation.

    “Evening-types with an insomnia diagnosis exhibit both delayed and blunted positive affect rhythms (Hasler, Germain, et al., 2012), suggesting an alteration in the timing and degree of reward activation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hasler, Germain, et al., 2012

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    Premisecitation

    In early adolescents, mid-adolescents, and adults, global negative affect did not differ between rested and sleep-deprived conditions, except the 'miserable' item increased following sleep loss; positive affect decreased in the sleep-deprived condition across groups.

    “Across all groups, they observed that global negative affect did not differ between the rested and sleep-deprived conditions, except for the ‘miserable’ item, which was increased following sleep loss. Rather, positive affect was decreased in the sleep-deprived condition across groups.”
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    • cites Talbot, McGlinchey, Kaplan, Dahl, & Harvey, 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults.

    “Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
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    • cites Goldstein & Walker, 2014 source

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    Premisecitation

    Controlled laboratory studies confirmed that the daily pattern in positive affect does not simply reflect time-varying sociocultural factors, but is partially dictated by endogenous circadian timing, paralleling the core body temperature rhythm.

    “Furthermore, carefully controlled laboratory studies have confirmed that this pattern in positive affect does not simply reflect time-varying sociocultural factors, but is partially dictated by endogenous circadian timing (Boivin et al., 1997; Murray et al., 2009), paralleling the core body temperature rhythm.”
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    • cites Boivin et al., 1997 source

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    • cites Murray et al., 2009 source

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    Premisecitation

    Sleep problems and related difficulties are phenotypic manifestations of a general propensity toward difficulties with self-regulation (psychological dysregulation).

    “An alternative conceptualization considers sleep problems and related difficulties to be phenotypic manifestations of a general propensity toward difficulties with self-regulation (i.e., psychological dysregulation: Clark & Winters, 2002).”
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    • cites Clark & Winters, 2002

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    Premisecitation

    In a sample of 1,039 undergraduate students, 11% reported using alcohol as a sleep aid, with higher rates in male students relative to female students (16% vs. 9.8%).

    “Similarly, in a sample of 1,039 undergraduate students tracking alcohol use and sleep in daily diaries, 11% reported using alcohol as a sleep aid, with higher rates of use in male students relative to female students (16% vs. 9.8%) (Taylor & Bramoweth, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Taylor & Bramoweth, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    School districts that have implemented later start times have reported improvements in academic achievement, reductions in daytime sleepiness, reductions in depression, and reductions in motor vehicle accidents.

    “School districts that have implemented later start times have reported improvements in academic achievement, reductions in daytime sleepiness, reductions in depression (Carrell, Maghakian, & West, 2011; Owens, Belon, & Moss, 2010), and reductions in motor vehicle accidents (Danner & Phillips, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carrell, Maghakian, & West, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Owens, Belon, & Moss, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Danner & Phillips, 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Correction of delayed phase by melatonin has been demonstrated to have antidepressant effects in adults and improves school attendance in adolescents; effects on alcohol and drug use remain unexamined.

    “Notably, correction of delayed phase by melatonin has been demonstrated to have antidepressant effects in adults (Rahman, Kayumov, & Shapiro, 2010) and improves school attendance in adolescents (Szeinberg et al., 2006); effects on alcohol and drug use remain unexamined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rahman, Kayumov, & Shapiro, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Szeinberg et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep problems in childhood (ages 3 to 5 years) predicted more attention problems, more negative affect, and in early adolescence higher rates of substance use onset, including cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana.

    “Consistent with the hypothesis that sleep difficulties constitute an early marker for psychological dysregulation, Wong and colleagues (2004) found that sleep problems in childhood (ages 3 to 5 years) predicted more attention problems, more negative affect (i.e., anxiety and depression), and, in early adolescence, higher rates of substance use onset, including cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wong et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adolescent brains undergo structural and functional changes in the circuits subserving the pursuit and processing of rewards.

    “In parallel, adolescent brains are undergoing structural and functional changes in the circuits subserving the pursuit and processing of rewards.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Developmental changes in reward processing contribute to the initiation of alcohol use during adolescence.

    “These developmental changes in reward processing likely contribute to the initiation of alcohol use during adolescence.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function.

    “Abundant evidence indicates that sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function, suggesting that adolescent sleep and circadian disturbance may contribute to altered reward function, and in turn, alcohol involvement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Alcohol use initiation typically occurs during adolescence and results in risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD).

    “Alcohol use initiation typically occurs during adolescence, resulting in risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In vulnerable adolescents, minimizing circadian misalignment has beneficial effects on risk for AUDs.

    “Our model has preventive implications based on the assumption that, in vulnerable adolescents, minimizing circadian misalignment has beneficial effects on risk for AUDs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adolescents tend to have delayed circadian phase.

    “as a result of the tendency for delayed circadian phase”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Early school start times impose constraints that cause circadian misalignment in adolescents.

    “circadian misalignment induced by early school start times”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems.

    “Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems (63).”

    From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [63]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The cited Currie study does not match the described university-student study

    Minor

    The text attributes findings about eveningness and drinking motivations in 215 university students to Currie et al. (2004), but the paper's reference for Currie et al. (2004) is an insomnia-treatment trial in recovering alcoholics.

1 of 1

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Authors
Hasler, B. P., Soehner, A. M., & Clark, D. B.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
Hasler, Brant P.
ORCID
Venue
Alcohol
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-06
Volume
49
Issue
4
Pages
377-387
ISSN
0741-8329 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.06.010
PMC
PMC4424185
OpenAlex
W2070517343
Semantic Scholar
f46965460735e12a1da05f8fccd41eaecc708a3a
Cited by
123
References
169
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Alcohol (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (K01DA032557, R01AA016482, U01AA021690, P50DA05605)
  • Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (SPH00010)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
adolescent alcohol use disorders, sleep, circadian rhythm, circadian misalignment, sleep deprivation, reward processing, puberty, delayed sleep phase, affect dysregulation, adolescent brain development, risk-taking
MeSH terms
Underage Drinking, Adolescent, Alcoholism, Brain, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Reward, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Schools, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Time Factors, Chronobiology Disorders, Adolescent Development

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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