Cited by 262Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Girls With Attention Deficit Disorder: A Silent Minority? A Report on Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics

Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A.·1985·PEDIATRICS

DOI 10.1542/peds.76.5.801

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Abstract

A sample of girls and boys with attention deficit disorder (ADD) were examined for within-group sex differences and compared with control boys and girls on historical, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics. Profiles of essential and secondary features of ADD support the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nosology for ADD with and without hyperactivity as clinically distinct subtypes of ADD, with the girls and boys with ADD with hyperactivity exhibiting attentional, behavioral, and cognitive impairments, and the children with ADD without hyperactivity exhibiting deficits along an attentional/cognitive axis. Management problems and antisocial behaviors were correlates of hyperactivity, and increased impulsivity was not associated with attentional deficits in the absence of hyperactivity. Within the ADD with hyperactivity group, the girls demonstrated more severe cognitive impairments, particularly in the area of language function, were younger at the time referral for medical attention, and tended to come from families of lower socioeconomic status. Disruptive, uncontrolled behaviors were more frequent among the boys with ADD with hyperactivity. The girls with ADD without hyperactivity demonstrated poorer self-esteem and were significantly older than the boys with ADD without hyperactivity at referral. Girls in both ADD with and without hyperactivity groups were more likely to suffer peer rejection than their male counterparts. The results of this study suggest that girls with ADD may be underidentified and that cognitive deficits have a more prominent role in the identification of girls, whereas behavioral disturbances increase the likelihood of identification for boys.

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EEG Activity in Females with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“Berry et al. (1985) found that girls with attention deficit disorder (ADD) without hyperactivity were, on average, older at referral than boys, although they exhibited similar impairments.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Disability Latina Students in Special Education
Madigan, J. C. (2005) · Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners · doi:10.56829/muvo.8.1.90574176u58x030m · Cited by 7
Historical Aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Dykman, R. A. (2005) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1385/1-59259-891-9:001 · Cited by 7
Access to early diagnosis for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Mexico City at specialized mental health services
Martínez-Jaime, M. M., Reyes‐Morales, H., Negrete, I. P., & Barrientos, M. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11022-y · Cited by 7
“Despite that, some authors distinguished considerable differences, suggesting sex inequalities in access to a timely diagnosis [17, 18].”
Background
Cognitive Profiling of Children and Adolescents with ADHD Using the WISC-IV
Rosales-Gómez, M., Navarro-Soria, I., Torrecillas, M., López, M. E., & Delgado, B. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091279 · Cited by 6
“As a result, it has been suggested that females with ADHD are more likely to be underdiagnosed compared to males with the disorder (Berry et al., 1985, as cited in Ayano et al., 2023).”
A Life-Course Perspective on Girls’ Criminality
Andersson, F., Levander, S. E., & Levander, M. T. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4130-4_7 · Cited by 6
Gender and ethnicity referral bias for ADHD: the school's view
Rollins, D. A. (2006) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 6
Learning Disorders In Girls
Young, A. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_9 · Cited by 5
Students Who Seem to be Unmotivated May have Attention Deficits
Busch, B., & Nuttall, R. L. (1995) · Diagnostique · doi:10.1177/153450849502100106 · Cited by 5
The influence of gender on the Self-Perception of disturbed children
Lavitt, M. R. (1992) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/bf00755862 · Cited by 4
Developmental Neuropharmacology: Clinical and Neurochemical Perspectives on the Regulation of Attention, Learning, and Movement
Young, J. G., Halperin, J. M., Leven, L. I., Shaywitz, B. A., & Cohen, D. J. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1819-4_2 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Attention and Memory: Progression and Variation During the Elementary School Years
Levine, M. D. (1989) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19890601-07 · Cited by 4
A Distributed Effects Perspective of Dimensionally Defined Psychiatric Disorders: And Convergent Versus Core Deficit Effects in ADHD
Hale, T. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00062 · Cited by 5
“ADHD is more common among males (119), who tend to exhibit better visual–spatial and poorer linguistic abilities compared to females (120, 121), and lastly, suspected low-dopamine and dysregulated noradrenergic function in AD5/20/14HD (122) may also align with abnormal R > L contribution as these systems appear to exh…”
Background

Authors: Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: Shaywitz, S. E.
Shaywitz, B. A.
Venue: PEDIATRICS
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 1985-11-01
Volume: 76
Issue: 5
Pages: 801-809
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.76.5.801
OpenAlex: W1907913791
Cited by: 262
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 2.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: attention deficit disorder, girls, sex differences, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, language functions, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, self-esteem, peer rejection, underidentification, socioeconomic status
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition, Female, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Interpersonal Relations, Learning Disabilities, Male, Peer Group, Psychological Tests, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors

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Girls With Attention Deficit Disorder: A Silent Minority? A Report on Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics

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