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Girls With Attention Deficit Disorder: A Silent Minority? A Report on Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics
Abstract
A sample of girls and boys with attention deficit disorder (ADD) were examined for within-group sex differences and compared with control boys and girls on historical, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics. Profiles of essential and secondary features of ADD support the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nosology for ADD with and without hyperactivity as clinically distinct subtypes of ADD, with the girls and boys with ADD with hyperactivity exhibiting attentional, behavioral, and cognitive impairments, and the children with ADD without hyperactivity exhibiting deficits along an attentional/cognitive axis. Management problems and antisocial behaviors were correlates of hyperactivity, and increased impulsivity was not associated with attentional deficits in the absence of hyperactivity. Within the ADD with hyperactivity group, the girls demonstrated more severe cognitive impairments, particularly in the area of language function, were younger at the time referral for medical attention, and tended to come from families of lower socioeconomic status. Disruptive, uncontrolled behaviors were more frequent among the boys with ADD with hyperactivity. The girls with ADD without hyperactivity demonstrated poorer self-esteem and were significantly older than the boys with ADD without hyperactivity at referral. Girls in both ADD with and without hyperactivity groups were more likely to suffer peer rejection than their male counterparts. The results of this study suggest that girls with ADD may be underidentified and that cognitive deficits have a more prominent role in the identification of girls, whereas behavioral disturbances increase the likelihood of identification for boys.
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“Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women, its characteristics, and its development across the lifespan remain insufficiently studied [1,2,3].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“We developed this female-specific treatment option in response to the dire need expressed by many [1,17,19,23,24,25,26,28,41,55,85], including patients.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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“…reporting IQ data did not find any significant differences between these two groups (Ackerman, Anhalt, Dykman, & Holcomb, 1986; Barkley et al., 1990; Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992; Berry et al., 1985; Frank & Ben-Nun, 1988; Hynd et al., 1991; Zagar, Arbit, Hughes, Busell, & Busch, 1989).”
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“…apparent fall in prevalence (see table of findings in Goldman et al., 1988) though it is hypothesised that the emphasis on inattention since DSM-III should lead to more girls being identified (Berry et al., 1985) and in practice the prevalence figures seem to have altered only a little (see below).”
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Gangguan Kurang Perhatian dan Hiperaktifitas pada Anak
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Metadata
- Authors
- Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1985-11-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 801-809
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1907913791
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit disorder, girls, sex differences, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, language functions, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, self-esteem, peer rejection, underidentification, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition, Female, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Interpersonal Relations, Learning Disabilities, Male, Peer Group, Psychological Tests, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors
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