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Risk Factors for Pneumonia Among Children in a Brazilian Metropolitan Area
Abstract
Objective. To investigate risk factors for pneumonia for infants <2 years of age. Design. Hospital-based, case-control study with neighborhood control subjects. Setting. Urban area in southern Brazil. Subjects. Five hundred ten infants with radiologically confirmed pneumonia who were admitted to a pediatric hospital. One age-matched neighborhood control subject was selected for each case. Results. Multiple conditional regression modeling was used to control for confounding, taking into account the hierarchical relationships between risk factors. The incidence of radiologically confirmed pneumonia was associated with low paternal education, the number of persons in the household, young maternal age, attendance at day-care centers, low birth weight and weight-for-age, lack of breast-feeding and of non-milk supplements, and a history of previous pneumonia or wheezing. Day-care center attendance showed the highest risk, with an adjusted odds ratio of 11.75. Conclusions. In addition to continued efforts toward appropriate case management, actions directed against the above risk factors may help prevent the major cause of deaths of children younger than 5 years.
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Cited by
National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution
Smith, K. R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.24.13286 · Cited by 489
César, J. A., Victora, C. G., Barros, F. C., Santos, I. S., & Flores, J. A. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7194.1316 · Cited by 294
Self-citation(2004) · Cited by 220
Crowding: risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children?
Cardoso, M. R. A., Cousens, S. N., de Góes Siqueira, L. F., Alves, F. M., & D'Angelo, L. A. V. (2004) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4-19 · Cited by 186
Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study
Flor, L. S., Anderson, J. A., Ahmad, N., Aravkin, A., Carr, S., Dai, X., Gil, G. F., Hay, S. I., Malloy, M. J., McLaughlin, S. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02743-4 · Cited by 167
Metadata
- Authors
- Victora, C. G., Fuchs, S. C., Flores, J. A. C., Fonseca, W., & Kirkwood, B.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1994-06-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 977-985
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1919429064
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Victora, C. G., Fuchs, S. C., Flores, J. A. C., Fonseca, W., & Kirkwood, B. (1994). Risk Factors for Pneumonia Among Children in a Brazilian Metropolitan Area. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.6.977
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