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Sonate

Open access
·2022·Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online (Institut für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften)

Abstract

Als allgemeine Bezeichnung für Instrumentalstücke ist sonnade (von sonare = klingen) schon im 13. Jh., danach als sonada oder sonado in spanischen Lautentabulaturen der Spätrenaissance sowie in Giacomo Gorzanis’ Intabolatura di liuto […] libro primo (Venedig 1561, hier als Sonata per liuto) anzutreffen (ital. sonata, frz. sonate, engl. sonata).

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This is the Österreichisches Musiklexikon entry "Sonate" by Dagmar Glüxam, a reference survey of the term and genre from its 13th-century origins through the 20th century, with particular emphasis on Austrian and Viennese traditions. It is a lexicographic overview rather than a research study, so it reports no data, method, or findings in the empirical sense.

Key findings

  • The term derives from *sonare* ("to sound") and appears as *sonnade* in the 13th century, later as *sonada*/*sonado* in Spanish lute tablatures and in Giacomo Gorzanis's *Intabolatura di liuto* (Venice 1561, as *Sonata per liuto*).
  • Giovanni Gabrieli's *Sacrae Symphoniae* (Venice 1597) and posthumous *Canzone e sonate* (1615) are cited as direction-setting, the latter containing sonatas of up to 22 voices, including a *Sonatta Con Tre Violini*; his polychoral principle used up to five instrumental choirs.
  • Corelli's Trio sonatas op. 1–4 (1681–94) and Solo sonatas op. 5 (1700) mark the peak of the genre around 1700, with op. 5 appearing in at least 42 editions by 1800.
  • From about 1740 the sonata in Germany, Vienna, and Salzburg was organized predominantly on a three-movement fast–slow–fast scheme; Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas are cited as a turning point toward a form of "exclusivity character," and 20th-century works range widely in scale (e.g., B. Schaeffer's viola solo sonata, 1991, at 50 minutes; *Megasonate* for piano, 1993, at 71 minutes).

Methods

  • Not stated in the paper. The text is a lexicographic/historical survey organized chronologically by period, genre type (sonata da chiesa, sonata da camera, trio sonata, solo sonata, keyboard sonata, operatic *sonata*/*sonatina*), and Austrian/Viennese reception; no data, sample, or analysis is described.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper. Evident from the text: no inline citations or systematic source apparatus (references are listed only in a closing bibliography), coverage is weighted toward Austrian and especially Viennese repertoire, and the entry's last substantive revision is dated 15 May 2006, so scholarship after that date is not reflected.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1553/0x0001e2c4

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

  • Premisenone given

    The type of so-called Gradual sonata was widely used at the Vienna court, inserted in the High Mass after a practice probably from the 16th century instead of Gradual and Alleluia.

    “Breite Anwendung fand am Wiener Hof dagegen der Typus der sog. Gradual-S., die im Hochamt nach einer wahrscheinlich schon aus dem 16. Jh. stammenden Praxis anstelle von Graduale und Alleluja eingesetzt wurde.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    Besides church and court music, the term Sonata or Sonatina before and after 1700 was used for introductory or independent, dramatically motivated instrumental movements in Italian opera and oratorio.

    “Neben der Kirchen- und Hofmusik wurde der Begriff Sonata oder Sonatina vor und nach 1700 Bezeichnung für einleitende (ähnlich wie Sinfonia, Intrada, Introduzione oder Ouverture) oder selbständige, dramatisch begründete Instrumentalsätze in der italienischen Oper und im Oratorium”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    The shift of emphasis from harpsichord to piano took place around 1760.

    “Von Bedeutung ist dabei die Verlagerung des Schwerpunktes vom Cembalo auf das Klavier, die um 1760 stattfand”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premiseown data

    Besides sonatas for piano or violin with piano, numerous sonatas arose for other instruments or chamber/orchestral scorings.

    “Neben den S.n für Klavier oder Violine mit Klavier (G. v. Einem, E. Krenek) entstanden zahlreiche S.n für andere Instrumente (Orgel: E. Krenek, B. Schaeffer, Sonata breve f. Org. u. Schlagzeug 1981, Viola: G. Ligeti, S. f. Va. solo 1991–94; K. Rapf, S. f. Va. u. Kl. 1995; B. Schaeffer, S. f. Va. solo 1991, Fagott: I. Eröd, S. f. Fg. u. Kl. Sonata milanese op. 47, 1984, Trompete: H. Erbse, S. f. Tr”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    The sonata for a melody instrument and piano experienced a significant upswing in Brahms with programmatic moments and thematic kinship of movements.

    “Einen bedeutsamen Aufschwung erlebte die S. für ein Melodieinstrument und Klavier bei J. Brahms (3 S.n f. V. u. Kl. op. 87, op. 100 u. op. 108, 2 S.n f. Vc. u. Kl. op. 38 u. 99, 2 f. Klar./Va.) mit programmatischen Momenten und thematischer Verwandtschaft der Sätze.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 31
  • May combine two claims. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    After Johann Kuhnau and B. Pasquini, whose influence is also evident in J. J. Fux's piano sonatas, this genre spread throughout Europe.

    “Nach Johann Kuhnau (Frische Clavier-Früchte 1696, Biblische Historien 1700) und B. Pasquini (Sonate per gravicembalo 1702), deren Einfluss sich auch in den Klavier-S.n J. J. Fux’ zeigt, verbreitete sich diese Gattung in ganz Europa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The term sonata (from sonare = to sound) was already used in the 13th century as a general designation for instrumental pieces.

    “Als allgemeine Bezeichnung für Instrumentalstücke ist sonnade (von sonare = klingen) schon im 13. Jh.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    J. S. Bach's Six Sonatas for solo violin and written-out harpsichord part (BWV 1014-1019) bring a new and direction-setting sonata type, emerging from the tradition of the Italian trio sonata, but in which the violin and the right hand of the harpsichordist share the first and second voices and the left hand takes over the accompaniment.

    “Einen neuen und zugleich richtungweisenden S.en-Typus bringen J. S. Bachs Sechs S.n für Solovioline und ausgeschriebenem Cembalopart (BWV 1014–1019), die aus der Tradition der italienischen Trio-S. für zwei Melodieinstrumente und B. c. hervorgehen, in der sich aber die Violine und die rechte Hand des Cembalospielers die erste und zweite Stimme teilen und die linke Hand sozusagen die Begleitung”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The introduction of the sonata for solo violin and basso continuo and of the trio sonata goes back to Giovanni Paolo Cima (Concerti ecclesiastici, 1610).

    “Die Einführung der S. für Solovioline (Solosonate) und B. c. sowie der Triosonate (Sonata a tre) geht auf Giovanni Paolo Cima (Concerti ecclesiastici, 1610) zurück”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    From the desire of amateur musicians to participate in musical life, the type of accompanied keyboard sonata (accompanied by violin, flute, or cello) developed around 1750/60 in Paris and London.

    “Aus dem Bestreben der musizierenden Dilettanten, am musikalischen Geschehen zu partizipieren, entwickelte sich um 1750/60 in Paris und London der Typus der (von Violine, Flöte oder Violoncello) accompagnierten Klavier-S.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premiseown data

    Gabrieli's polychoral principle with up to five instrumental choirs continued intensively in Graz and then in Viennese instrumental music and court opera into the 18th century.

    “Das von Gabrieli häufig angewandte polychorale Prinzip mit bis zu fünf Instrumentalchören erlebte zuerst in Graz (F. Stivori, 1603, und G. Priuli, 1618) und danach in der Wiener Instrumentalmusik”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Around and after 1600, the terms canzona and sonata were often used alternately or synonymously.

    “wobei um und nach 1600 die Begriffe canzona und sonata – ähnlich wie im 18. Jh. Sonata, Sinfonia (Symphonie) oder Concerto (Konzert) – oft alternierend oder gleichbedeutend gebraucht wurden.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    At the Vienna court, both works by composers resident in Vienna and imported Italian compositions were performed.

    “wobei am Wiener Hof sowohl Werke in Wien ansässiger Komponisten (A. Bertali, J. H. Schmelzer) als auch aus Italien importierte Kompositionen (G. M. Ruggieri, G. Legrenzi) aufgeführt wurden.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    These sonatas are characterized by their relative brevity (usually two movements following the slow-fast scheme) and a typical trio or quartet scoring with two ripieno violins (and possibly viola) and a continuo group of cello, violone, bassoon, and organ.

    “Diese S.n zeichnen sich durch ihre relative Kürze (meist zwei Sätze nach dem Schema langsam-schnell) sowie eine typische Trio- oder Quartettbesetzung mit zwei chorisch besetzten Violinen (und ev. Viola) sowie der Continuo-Gruppe aus Violoncello, Violone, Fagott und Orgel aus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The violin sonata around and after 1750 was closely indebted to the technically demanding and galant-relaxed sonata of Francesco Maria Veracini and Giuseppe Tartini.

    “Die Violin-S., um und nach 1750 eng der spieltechnisch anspruchsvollen und galant aufgelockerten S. von Francesco Maria Veracini und Giuseppe Tartini verpflichtet”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The difficulty of the sonata ranged from simple, pedagogically oriented works for amateur musicians or students (often called sonatina) to compositions for professional musicians.

    “Der Schwierigkeitsgrad der S. reichte von einfachen, pädagogisch ausgerichteten Werken für musizierende Dilettanten (wobei die S.n für Fortepiano häufig für das – v. a. von Frauen getragene – häusliche Musizieren [Hausmusik] bestimmt waren) oder Schüler (hier oft Sonatine genannt; vgl. etwa die 3 Sonatinen f. V. u. Kl. op. 137, von Fr. Schubert) bis zu Kompositionen für professionelle Musiker.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    This accompanied keyboard sonata soon underwent a development toward an equal duo.

    “die jedoch relativ bald eine Entwicklung zum gleichberechtigten Duo durchmachte”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    D. Scarlatti's one-movement sonatas occupy a special position in the history of the piano sonata; they were apparently also known in Austria (Vienna).

    “Eine Sonderstellung in der Geschichte der Klavier-S. nehmen die einsätzigen S.n D. Scarlattis ein, die dem Anschein nach auch in Österreich (Wien) bekannt waren.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the German-speaking area, the term Sonata was used for the da chiesa type, while the term Sonata da camera was replaced by Parthia or Partita (Suite).

    “Darüber hinaus wurde die Bezeichnung Sonata im deutschsprachigen Raum ähnlich wie in Italien für den da chiesa-Typus verwendet, während der Begriff Sonata da camera durch Parthia oder Partita (Suite) ersetzt wurde”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Unlike the large-scale sonate solenne, which were played with trumpets, cornetti, and 3-5 trombones on the highest feasts, the so-called sonate ordinarie per chiesa were performed outside Lent on all Sundays or also Thursdays (even in Lent) and higher feasts.

    “Anders als die groß besetzten Sonate solenne, die mit Trompeten, krummen Zinken und 3–5 Posaunen an den höchsten Feiertagen gespielt wurden, wurden die sog. Sonate ordinarie per chiesa außerhalb der Fastenzeit an allen Sonntagen oder auch Donnerstagen (selbst in der Fastenzeit) und höheren Festen aufgeführt.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The so-called sonata form cannot be documented in its clear form before 1790.

    “Die sog. S.n-Form lässt sich in der Zeit vor 1790 noch nicht in ihrer deutlichen Ausprägung belegen”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Occasionally the term sonata was applied to works that have no or very distant relation to the original genre.

    “Gelegentlich wurde die Bezeichnung S. auch auf Werke angewendet, die in keiner oder sehr entfernter Relation zur ursprünglichen Gattung stehen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    New impulses for the sonata came from neoclassicism, atonality and dodecaphony, and folkloristic elements in rhythm and melody.

    “Neue Impulse brachten Neoklassizismus (Klassizismus; Paul Hindemith, Igor Strawinsky), Atonalität undDodekaphonie (Alban Berg, S. f. Kl. op. 1, 1907/08, Wiener Schule), folkloristische Elemente in Hinsicht auf Rhythmus und Melodik (Béla Bartók, S. f. Kl. 1926, Violin-S.n) u. v. a.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    After Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas, this tendency, which transformed the sonata into a form with an exclusivity character, becomes clearly evident after 1830 in composers such as Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, or Brahms.

    “Nach den 32 S.n f. Kl. von Beethoven kommt diese Tendenz, die die S. zu einer Form mit Exklusivitätscharakter verwandelt, deutlich nach 1830 bei Komponisten wie F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Liszt oder J. Brahms zum Tragen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Some works reach considerable length as a reaction to the brevity of sonatas.

    “Wohl als Reaktion auf die Knappheit der S.n erreichen manche Werke einen beachtlichen Umfang”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The sonata experienced a significant upswing in Viennese Classicism, especially as harpsichord and then (around 1760) piano sonata with or without accompaniment.

    “Einen bedeutsamen Aufschwung erlebte die S. in der Wiener Klassik, insbesondere als Cembalo- und danach (um 1760) Klavier-S. mit oder ohne Begleitung”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Further characteristic features of the sonata in this period are galant small-scale, richly ornamented melody, dotted rhythms, and a minuet as middle or final movement.

    “Als weitere charakteristische Merkmale gelten die galant kleingliedrige, reichlich verzierte Melodik, punktierte Rhythmen und ein Menuett als Mittel- oder Schlusssatz.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The instrumentation of sonatas was either many-voiced (mostly sonata da chiesa) with a broad range of instruments or for one to three melody voices with basso continuo (sonata da chiesa and da camera).

    “Die Besetzung der S.n war entweder vielstimmig (vorwiegend Sonata da chiesa) mit einem breit gefächerten Instrumentarium oder für eine bis drei Melodiestimmen mit B. c. (Sonata da chiesa und da camera).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Already before 1700 in Austria a mixing of the two sonata types can be observed.

    “Schon vor 1700 lässt sich in Österreich jedoch eine Vermischung der beiden S.en-Typen beobachten.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Terms such as sonata, divertimento, partita, lesson (lezione), or duet were not sharply distinguished from one another or were used alternately.

    “darüber hinaus wurden Begriffe wie S., Divertimento, Partita, Lesson (Lezione) oder Duett nicht scharf voneinander abgegrenzt oder alternierend verwendet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    In Vienna, the use, movement order, instrumentation, and characteristic brevity of movements of the sonata da chiesa were governed less by musical than by liturgical criteria.

    “Sowohl die Verwendung als auch die Satzfolge, das Instrumentarium oder die in Wien charakteristische Kürze der Sätze der Sonata da chiesa richteten sich dabei weniger nach musikalischen, als nach liturgischen Kriterien.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    In Austria, the violin sonata seems to stand somewhat in the shadow of other chamber music forms.

    “scheint in Österreich – bei Violinvirtuosen wie C. Ditters v. Dittersdorf, V. Pichl, L. Tomasini oder N. A. Porpora (Sonate XII di violino, e basso, Wien 1754) – etwas im Schatten anderer kammermusikalischer Formen (Streichtrio, Streichquartett, Divertimento, Duett u. ä.) zu stehen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The main areas of the sonata were church and court music, with the serious, usually four-movement, later in Vienna two-movement sonata da chiesa and the sonata da camera based on a sequence of dances.

    “Als Hauptgebiete der S. galten die Kirchen- und Hofmusik mit der ernsten, meist vier-, später in Wien zweisätzigen Sonata da chiesa (Kirchensonate) mit langsamen, gravitätischen Sätzen und kontrastierenden fugierten schnellen Sätzen bzw. der auf einer Aneinanderreihung von Tänzen basierenden Sonata da camera (Kammersonate).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the first decades, bass or wind instruments (bassoon) were often used as melody instruments; around 1660 the emphasis shifted to soprano instruments (especially violin) and strings.

    “Wurden in den ersten Jahrzehnten häufig Bass- bzw. Blasinstrumente (Fagott) als Melodieinstrumente eingesetzt, verlagerte sich der Schwerpunkt um 1660 auf Sopraninstrumente (v. a. Violine) und Streicher.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The enormous rise of the sonata during the 17th century results from the rapid development of solo instrumental playing and the establishment of accompanied monody with its characteristic emphasis on the upper voice.

    “Der enorme Aufschwung der S. während des 17. Jh.s resultiert aus der raschen Entwicklung des (Solo-)Instrumentalspiels sowie der Etablierung der begleiteten Monodie mit ihrem charakteristischen Schwerpunkt auf der Oberstimme.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Overall, sonata and sonatina lost importance after the death of Franz Schubert and were replaced by character pieces or fantasies.

    “Insgesamt verloren S. und Sonatine nach dem Tod Fr. Schuberts jedoch an Bedeutung und wurden durch Charakterstücke oder Phantasien ersetzt.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    In contrast, the term Sonatina refers to a short or entertaining work.

    “Im Gegensatz dazu bezieht sich die Bezeichnung Sonatine auf ein kurzes bzw. kurzweiliges Werk”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    From the 1620s, the scoring a due for two and a tre for three melody instruments with basso continuo gained increasing importance.

    “ab den 1620er Jahren gewann die Besetzung a due für zwei bzw. a tre für drei Melodieinstrumente mit B. c. zunehmend an Bedeutung.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the 20th century the sonata underwent numerous modifications, especially regarding length (decreasing around 1900), number of movements, instrumentation, and use of sonata form in one or more movements.

    “Im 20. Jh. unterlag die S. zahlreichen Modifikationen, insbesondere in Hinsicht auf die (um 1900 abnehmende) Länge, Anzahl der Sätze, Besetzung und Verwendung der S.n-Form in einem oder mehreren Sätzen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The peak of the development of the sonata around 1700 is formed by Arcangelo Corelli's trio sonatas op. 1-4 (1681-94) and solo sonatas op. 5 (1700), not least because of the wide dissemination of his prints (op. 5 in at least 42 editions by 1800).

    “Den Höhepunkt der Entwicklung der S. um 1700 bilden die Trio-S.n (op. 1–4, 1681–94) und Solo-S.n op. 5 (1700) von Arcangelo Corelli, nicht zuletzt durch die große Verbreitung seiner Drucke (op. 5 bis 1800 in mindestens 42 Editionen).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

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Venue
Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online (Institut für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften)
Published
2001-05-06
OpenAlex
W6943616924
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
de
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-sa
Locations
  • Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online (Institut für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Austrian Biographical Dictionary (Austrian Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Musicology and Musical Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Education › Literature, Musicology, and Cultural Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Music Technology and Sound Studies
Keywords
sonatas, instrumental music, etymology, 13th century

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