The Relevance of Genealogical Information for Egyptian Chronology

May combine two claims.

The relief Berlin 23673 from the time of Sheshonq V(?) shows the owner and 59 of his ancestors; in 27 cases, the name of the ruling pharaoh is added.

“The relief Berlin 23673 7 from the time of Sheshonq V(?) (Fig. 2) shows the owner and 59 of his ancestors; in 27 cases, the name of the ruling pharaoh is added.”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the second half of the first millennium, genealogical indications become more scarce again, and in the Ptolemaic period only father and mother are mentioned in most cases.

“In the second half of the first millenium, genealogical indications become more scarce again, and in the Ptolemaic period only father and mother are mentioned in most cases.”

May combine two claims.

The pedigree of the architect Khnumibre in the Wadi Hammamat from year 26 of Darius I mentions 22 ancestors; beginning with a forefather 6 generations earlier, each of them was architect and vizier, in all 18 generations, ending with Rahotep, vizier under Ramses II.

“The pedigree of the architect Khnumibre in the Wadi Hammamatfoot_7 (Fig. 4) from year 26 of Darius I mentions 22 ancestors.Beginning with a forefather 6 generations earlier, each of them was architect and vizier, in all 18 generations, ending with the well-known Rahotep, who was vizier under Ramses II.”

• cites foot_7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For the 22nd and 23rd dynasties, the main sources are temple statues; in dynasties 25 and 26 there is a lot of genealogical information on coffins.

“For the 22. and 23.dynasties, the main sources are temple statues, in dynasties 25 and 26 there is a lot of genealogical information on coffins as well.”

May combine two claims.

Many texts after the New Kingdom mention not only father and mother but often give 3, 4 or 5 generations of ancestors, and elaborate family trees occur reaching back hundreds of years.

“Many texts mention not only the father and the mother, they often give us 3, 4 or 5 generations of ancestors, and even elaborate family trees occur, reaching back hundreds of years.”

May combine two claims.

Berlin 23673 contains clear inconsistencies: only 2 generations between king Amenemnisut of the 21st dynasty and Ramses II, and no less than 7 generations between Mentuhotep II and Amenemhet I.

“Unfortunately, there are some clear inconsistencies: we have only 2 generations between king Amenemnisut of the 21 st dynasty and Ramses II; on the other hand, there are no less than 7 generations between Mentuhotep II. and Amenemhet I.”

May combine two claims.

The genealogy on statues Cairo CG 42188 and 42189 from the reign of Osorkon I ends with Ipui, son of Roma, a 2nd prophet of Amun; Roma is also the father of Highpriest Bakenkhons, who was in office under Ramses II.

“The genealogy on the statues Cairo CG 42188 and 42189foot_3 from the reign of Osorkon I (Fig. 1) ends with Ipui, son of Roma, a 2. prophet of Amun.This Roma is also the father of the Highpriest Bakenkhons, who was in office under Ramses II.”

• cites foot_3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The inscription on block Berlin 2096 records the introduction of a Theban priest in year 3 of Tanutamun (662 B.C.); the new priest lists 16 generations of forefathers, and 3 members of this pedigree are known from the Neseramun-family, who lived at the end of the New Kingdom.

“The inscription on the block Berlin 2096 (Fig. 3)foot_5 records the introduction of a Theban priest in year 3 of Tanutamun (662 B.C.); the new priest lists 16 generations of forefathers.3 members of this pedigree are known from the Neseramun-family,foot_6 who lived at the end of the New Kingdom.”

• cites foot_5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites foot_6Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Apart from Rahotep, not a single one of the viziers in Khnumibre's pedigree is known from other sources, and there are some other inconsistencies.

“Apart from Rahotep, not a single one of these viziers is known from other sources, and there are some other inconsistencies as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the author's calculation, there are only 22 generations instead of 24-25 (20 down to Sheshonq V and 2 for the 25th dynasty).

“Incidentally, in my calculation I count only 22 generations instead of 24-25 (20 down to Sheshonq V, as shown, and 2 for the 25 th dynasty).”

May combine two claims.

Nebneteru (IV), the father-in-law of Hor VI, dedicated a statue to his father Hor (IX), and Nebneteru himself is the owner of a vase now in the Louvre; both objects are dated by the cartouches of Osorkon III.

“But there is a complication: Nebneteru (IV), the father-in-law of Hor VI, dedicated a statue to his father Hor (IX), 22 and Nebneteru himself is the owner of a vase now in the Louvre.23 Both objects are dated by the cartouches of Osorkon III.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the author's calculation, there is a distance of 20 generations between Kaha and the end of the reign of Sheshonq V (6 + 6 + 8 generations from Osorkon I down to Pasenhor B); Bierbrier counts 20 to 21.

“In my calculation we have a distance of 20 generations between Kaha and the end of the reign of Sheshonq V (6 + 6 + 8 generations from Osorkon I down to Pasenhor B).Bierbrier, on his part, counts 20 to 21.”

May combine two claims.

The Neseramun-family is known mainly from statues; it is a compilation of the data of two long pedigrees on Cairo CG 42224 and 42221 with several other sources, and all these sources agree quite well with each other.

“The Neseramun-family (Fig. 6) 15 is known mainly from statues.Indeed, it is a compilation of the data of two long pedigrees on Cairo CG 42224 and 42221 with several other sources, and all these sources agree quite well with each other.”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For the Cairo CG 42211 statue, 6 generations up to Sheshonq I span 180 years, an average of 30 years if Sheshonq was born in 990.

“Thus we get 180 years to 6 generations up to Sheshonq I (the grandfather of the wife of his great-great-grandfather, Fig. 9), an average of 30 years, if Sheshonq was born in 990.”

May combine two claims.

The genealogical table of the Neseramun family contains another irregularity: the 3rd prophet of Amun DjedThotefankh married a daughter of Sheshonq I, but the statue of his son, a vizier, is dated by the name of Sheshonq III, giving a gap of far more than two generations.

“The genealogical table of this family (Fig. 6) contains another irregularity: The 3 rd prophet of Amun DjedThotefankh married a daughter of Sheshonq I, 24 but the statue of his son, a vizier, is dated by the name of Sheshonq III, 25 giving a gap of far more than two generations.”

• cites [24]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The vizier Nakhtefmut is one of the key-figures; his offspring is mentioned in various sources, but with different mothers, so there may have been several viziers named Nakhtefmut, or only one with several wives.

“One of the key-figures is the vizier Nakhtefmut.His offspring is mentioned in various sources, but with different mothers.17 Thus there may have been several viziers named Nakhtefmut, or only one with several wives.18”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The family of the Theban mayor Montemhat, who held office under Taharka and Psametik I, is an example of a genealogical table compiled from various sources; most of this data stems from coffin inscriptions.

“An example for a genealogical table compiled from various sources is the family of the Theban mayor Montemhat, who held his office under Taharka and Psametik I. (Fig. 5).14 Most of this data stems from coffin inscriptions.”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Guermeur's proposed dating of the Dendera statue to the end of the 25th dynasty or beginning of the Saite period would yield a birth date around 700 and an average generation length of 33.2 years.

“Recently I. Guermeur has proposed dating this statue to the end of the 25th dynasty or the beginning of the Saite periode (GEURMEUR 2005, 353).This would yield a date of birth of around 700 and an average generation length of 33,2 years.”

• cites GEURMEUR 2005, 353Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a connection between Kaha I's family and the scribes of the necropolis: Taweretemheb, sister of Anherkhawi II, married the scribe Amennakht (X), and a great-grandson of Amennakht, the famous scribe Thutmose, was a close contemporary of the High Priest Piankh.

“Moreover, there is a connection between his family and the scribes of the necropolis: 41 Taweretemheb, the sister of Anherkhawi II, married the scribe Amennakht (X), and a great-grandson of Amennakht, the famous scribe Thutmose, was a close contemporary of the High Priest Piankh.”

• cites [41]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The bulk of genealogical information stems from monuments erected or dedicated after the death of their owners.

“The bulk of genealogical information stems from monuments erected or dedicated after the death of their owners.”

May combine two claims.

Neseramun V dedicated the statue CG 42224 to his father Djedbastetefankh, and Djedbastetefankh himself and his elder brother Neseramun VI dedicated CG 42222 and 42223 to their father Hor (VI); CG 42223 and 42224 bear the cartouches of Osorkon III.

“Neseramun V dedicated the statue CG 42224 to his father Djedbastetefankh, and Djedbastetefankh himself and his elder brother Neseramun VI dedicated CG 42222 and 42223 to their father Hor (VI).CG 42223 and 42224 bear the cartouches of Osorkon III.”

May combine two claims.

For the Berlin 2096 genealogy, the 9 generations from Padichons to Nespaneferhor span 315 years, an average of 35 years.

“If they were born about 1000 and 980, we can calculate 315 years for the 9 generations from Padichons to Nespaneferhor, an average of 35 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This count amounts to a median length of generation of 28 years in this case.

“This would amount to a median length of generation of 28 years for a generation in this case.”

May combine two claims.

The figure of 25 years is arrived at by a chain: Kaha I was a younger contemporary of Ramses II; his descendants are well-known in continuous succession down to Ramses XI, a distance of 6 generations.

“This figure, 25 years, is arrived at in the following way: 39 The chief worker at Deir el-Medineh, Kaha I, was a younger contemporary of Ramses II.His descendants are well-known in continous succession down to Ramses XI. at the end of the New Kingdom: 40 a distance of 6 generations.”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [40]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Long genealogies flourished from the 22nd to the 26th dynasty, reaching their climax in the Late Libyan Period.

“By and large it may be said that long genealogies flourished from the 22 nd to the 26 th dynasty, reaching their climax in the Late Libyan Period.”

May combine two claims.

Regnal years are sparse in the material handed down, and these dates are often anonymous, not mentioning the king to whom they refer.

“As a consequence, regnal years are sparse in the material handed down to us, and these dates are often anonymous, they do not mention the king to whom the dates refer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The chronological position of Takeloth II is still disputed: whether he was the successor of Osorkon II and predecessor of Sheshonq III, or a member of another dynasty ruling in a different area.

“It is still a matter of dispute whether he was the successor of Osorkon II and predecessor of Sheshonq III, or if he was a member of another dynasty, ruling in a different area.”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the Late Period, chronology is firmly established with the accession of Taharka in 690.

“In the Late Period, chronology is firmly established with the accession of Taharka in 690.”

May combine two claims.

The chronological weakness of the first half of the first millennium has many reasons: apart from Manetho there are no king-lists, no Sothic dates, few if any other astronomical data, and only few and partly controversial synchronisms.

“We have -apart from Manetho -no king-lists, no Sothic dates and few, if any, other astronomical data, 3 and there are only few and partly controversial synchronisms.4”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Dated royal inscriptions are rare, and there are only a few administrative documents; the all-important source of Deir el-Medina has terminated.

“Dated royal inscriptions are rare, and there are only a few administrative documents: the allimportant source of Deir el-Medina has terminated.”

May combine two claims.

For the first half of the first millennium, genealogical information is a most welcome aid for chronological purposes because this period is or was an especially weak point in Egyptian chronology.

“For the first half of the first millenium, genealogical information is indeed a most welcome aid for chronological purposes, because this period is or was an especially weak point in Egyptian chronology.”

May combine two claims.

The genealogy on Cairo CG 42188 and 42189 contains no internal inconsistencies and its last ancestor was an important man in his time, not a legendary person.

“Obviously, the genealogy contains no internal inconsistencies and the last ancestor was an important man in his time, but surely not a legendary person.”

May combine two claims.

There is not a single ruler with a complete chain of dates; for most kings only a few dates are attested, and several kings have none at all.

“There is not a single ruler with a complete chain of dates, for most kings only a few dates are attested, and there are several kings with none at all.”

May combine two claims.

The 12th Dynasty and the New Kingdom are the best known epochs and provide comparatively good evidence from dated inscriptions and administrative documents.

“The best known epochs are the 12 th Dynasty and the New Kingdom, which provide comparatively good evidence from dated inscriptions and administrative documents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Long pedigrees may seem suspect if there is no confirmation from other sources, and especially suspect when they go back to a famous person living centuries before.

“Long pedigrees may seem suspect, if there is no confirmation from other sources, and they may be especially suspect when they go back to a famous person living centuries before.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is a priori very unlikely that a family held an office for 60 generations or that it is possible to trace a single family over such a long time.

“Moreover, it is a priori very unlikely, that a family held an office for 60 generations or that it is even possible to trace a single family over such a long time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The use of genealogical data is only possible if there is a sufficient supply of it.

“On the other hand, the use of genealogical data is only possible if there is a sufficient supply of it.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Bierbrier's calculation has been almost universally accepted, and his 25 years are now regarded as the median length or even the upper limit for a generation by most egyptologists.

“In spite of these shortcomings, Bierbrier's calculation has been almost universally accepted, his 25 years are now regarded as the median length or even the upper limit for a generation by most egyptologists.45”

• cites [45]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kitchen's book on the Third Intermediate Period shows how important the genealogies of Theban and Memphite officials can be in this respect.

“Kitchen's book on the Third Intermediate Period 19 shows how important the genealogies of Theban and Memphite officials can be in this respect.”

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Monuments of no less than 4 generations were erected during the reign of Osorkon III, which was hardly longer than 30 years; this shows how misleading the simple counting of generations can be.

“In other words, monuments of no less than 4 generations were erected during the reign of Osorkon III, which was hardly longer than 30 years.This shows how misleading the simple counting of generations can be.”

May combine two claims.

There are bottlenecks for the 21st dynasty and for the passage from the late 22nd dynasty to the Nubian period.

“But there are bottle necks for the 21 st dynasty and for the passage from the late 22 nd dynasty to the Nubian period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bierbrier states that a generation will be assumed for the purpose of calculation to be twenty years, although his study may show it to be nearer to twenty-five years.

“At the very beginning he states”

• cites [38]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A great statistical deviation from the average length of 30-33 years for a generation in the Middle Ages and modern history is very suspicious, and a 5-8 year difference or more would be a huge deviation in statistics.

“A priori, a great statistical deviation from the average length of 30-33 years for a generation in the Middle ages and modern history is very suspi-cious, and a 5-8 year difference or even more would be a huge deviation in statistics.”

May combine two claims.

The average length of a generation within a single pedigree is not the average for the whole country or period and may be very different from the general average.

“But one should always bear in mind that the average length of a generation within a single pedigree is not the average for the whole country or period.In fact, it may be very different from the general average.”

May combine two claims.

Calculating a generation at 20 years from 664 yields 1144-1164 for Ramses II, which is too low for conventional chronology.

“Now, if we calculate a generation at 20 years, we have to add 480-500 years to the starting point 664; this would add up to 1144-1164 for Ramses II, much to low for conventional chronology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Borchardt's 22.8 years seem to have been very influential.

“In spite of this, Borchardt's 22,8 years seem to have been very influential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

All figures lower than 25 years are out of the question.

“In my opinion, all figures lower than 25 years are out of the question.”

May combine two claims.

A long pedigree of office-holders was a good argument, while an inconsistent one was not.

“A long pedigree of office-holders was a good argument, an inconsistent one surely not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the 19th century, Egyptologists estimated a generation at 30-35 years, as is usual in historical studies elsewhere.

“In the 19 th century, Egyptologists estimated a generation at 30-35 years, as is usual in historical studies elsewhere.31”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

K. Kitchen, in his study on the Third Intermediate Period, calculates with an average of 20 years, but allows for a margin of 5 years.

“K. Kitchen, in his study on the Third Intermediate Period, calculates with an average of 20 years, but allows for a margin of 5 years.37”

• cites [37]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If we consider the royal family of the 25th dynasty, 3 generations between Piankhy and the end of the dynasty may be too many: King Taharka, the son of Piankhy, reigned until 664.

“And if we consider the royal family of the 25 th dynasty, 3 generations between Piankhy and the end of the dynasty may be too many: King Taharka, the son of Piankhy, reigned until 664.”

May combine two claims.

As Kitchen and Bierbrier have shown, this irregularity is nonetheless possible, and there is no need to 'emend' the evidence.

“As Kitchen and Bierbrier have shown, 26 this is nonetheless possible, there is no need to”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ascertaining the temporal distance between two persons by means of a genealogy requires counting the number of generations, and this procedure is not without problems.

“If we try to ascertain the temporal distance between two persons by means of a genealogy, we have to count the number of generations.This procedure is not without problems.”

May combine two claims.

Genealogical information can help in chronological questions, but only to a very limited extent.

“Thus genealogical information can help us in chronological questions, but only to a very limited extent.”

May combine two claims.

We can be sure that the authors of long pedigrees tried to draw up historically and chronologically consistent genealogies, because an obviously wrong pedigree was useless.

“I think we can be sure that they tried to do so, because an obviously wrong pedigree was useless.”

May combine two claims.

The genealogical bridge between the New Kingdom and the 22nd dynasty is the family of the Highpriests of Amun, the rulers of Upper Egypt, and the members of this family and their succession are well-known.

“The genealogical bridge between the New Kingdom and the 22 nd dynasty is the family of the Highpriests of Amun, the rulers of Upper Egypt.16 Fortunately, the members of this family and their succession are well-known.”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kees estimates the length of a generation at 20-25 years, without further explanation.

“Kees estimates the length of a generation at 20-25 years, without further explanation.35”

• cites [35]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most genealogies we have are from sons who inherited their fathers' main office; as a rule, they should be the eldest surviving sons.

“Most genealogies we have are from sons who inherited their fathers' main office; as a rule, they should be the eldest surviving sons.”

May combine two claims.

For chronological use of a pedigree, it is irrelevant whether all ancestors of Khnumibre were architects and viziers; what matters is whether the information about Egyptian history and chronology is sufficient to give a pedigree that does not contradict history and chronology.

“All that matters is, whether Khnumibre's information about egyptian history and chronology is sufficient enough to give a pedigree that does not contradict history and chronology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Borchardt's final conclusions were somewhat contradictory: he stated that the average length of a generation of the upper classes in Egypt could only be little shorter than that of Europe, but he also thought that the average of 22.8 for the Berlin Genealogy was not so wide off the mark.

“His final conclusions 34 were somewhat contradictory: On the one hand, he stated that the average length of a generation of the upper classes in Egypt could only be little shorter than that of Europe.On the other hand he thought that the average of 22,8 for the Berlin Genealogy was not so wide off the mark.”

• cites [34]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Borchardt considered 25 years as the lower limit for the length of a generation.

“So he considered 25 years as the lower limit for the length of a generation.”

May combine two claims.

Herodotus informs us that 3 generations make up a century in Egypt, and that is the same value observed elsewhere in history.

“Herodotus actually informs us (II,142) that 3 generations make up a century in Egypt, 49 and that is the same value observed elsewhere in history.”

• cites II,142Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Because Osorkon III reigned for at least 28 years, CG 42223 was probably erected at the beginning of his reign and CG 42224 towards the end, both being about a generation apart.

“Because Osorkon reigned for at least 28 years, CG 42223 was probably erected in the beginning of his reign, 21 CG 42224 towards the end, both being about a generation apart from each other.”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

All these people were members of the upper classes, wealthy and in good positions, so even men in advanced age could be attractive candidates for marriage, and some key-figures of great families fathered children in advanced age.

“On the other hand, all these people were members of the upper classes, wealthy and in good positions.Thus, even men in advanced age could be attractive candidates for marriage, and indeed we know that some key-figures of great families fathered children in advanced age.54”

• cites [54]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bierbrier's calculation is based on a combination of a few excerpts of genealogical tables.

“Bierbrier's calculation is based on a combination of a few excerpts of genealogical tables.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such an accidental addition of genealogical pieces is not a sound base for general conclusions.

“But, as stated above, such an accidental addition of genealogical pieces is certainly not a sound base for general conclusions.”

May combine two claims.

There is no data for Pharaonic Egypt on average male age at first marriage, but for Roman Egypt there are census declarations with detailed information about more than a thousand people.

“There is no such data for Pharaonic Egypt, but for Roman Egypt, we have the so-called census declarations, with detailed information about more than a thousand people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Today most colleagues agree that there was only one vizier Nakhtefmut, and it seems that the late dating of the Besenmut-family is no longer a matter of dispute.

“Nevertheless, today most colleagues agree that there was only one vizier Nakhtefmut, and it seems, that the late dating of the Besenmut-family is likewise no longer a matter of dispute.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Borchardt's opinion that Egyptians were capable of reproduction earlier than Europeans and had first-born earlier is only an assumption with no data to support it.

“This may be so, but it is only an assumption, there is no data whatsoever to support his opinion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The calculations in these examples contain much guesswork.

“Of course, we should not put to much emphasis on these examples, the calculations contain much guesswork.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another element of uncertainty is the date of a posthumous dedication.

“Another element of uncertainty is the date of a posthumous dedication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These excerpts may contain all sorts of deviations from the average.

“These excerpts may contain all sorts of deviations from the average.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Five years later, H. de Meulenaere mentions that 25 years presents the highest possible figure for a generation, with reference to Kees.

“Five years later, H. de Meulenaere mentions that 25 years presents the highest possible figure for a generation, with reference to Kees 36 .”

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The average length of a generation in Ancient Egypt is probably not drastically different from other pre-modern societies.

“Nevertheless, I think it is quite probable that this average is not drastically different from other pre-modern societies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yoyotte's identification of king Osochor with the help of two genealogies of the Late Third Intermediate Period is another example.

“Another example is Yoyotte's identification of king Osochor with the help of two genealogies of the Late Third Intermediate Period.20”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A reliable statistic calculation for a short period is not possible unless we have an ample supply of data like that available for the demography in modern states.

“A reliable statistic calculation for a short period is not possible unless we have an ample supply of data like that available for the demography in modern states.”

May combine two claims.

Some long pedigrees of a single person give a genealogical bridge from the Third Intermediate or even the Late Period to the New Kingdom, but its reliability is open to doubt; genealogical tables of whole families are better verifiable, but certain crucial points may nonetheless be controversial.

“To sum up, some of the long pedigrees of a single person give us a genealogical bridge from the Third Intermediate or even the Late Period to the New Kingdom, but it is a bridge whose reliability is open to doubt.The genealogical tables of whole families, on the other hand, are better verifiable, but certain crucial points may nonetheless be controversial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ruling king is only rarely mentioned after the New Kingdom, and dating by style and iconographic details is still in its infancy in many areas; the dating of statues is especially difficult.

“The ruling king is only rarely mentioned after the New Kingdom, and dating by style and iconographic details is still in its infancy in many areas, the dating of statues is especially difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The alleged upper limit of 25 years is a pure assertion without justification.

“This alleged upper limit is a pure assertion without any justification.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Borchardt calculated the median length of a generation on Berlin 23673 at 22.8 years.

“In this connection he published the now famous genealogy of a family of Memphite priests Berlin 23673 33 (Fig. 2), whereby he calculated the median length of a generation on that very monument at 22,8 years.”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In general, the relevant sources give only 2, 3 or 4 generations of ancestors, and errors or an intention to deceive are rather unlikely.

“In general, the relevant sources give only 2, 3 or 4 generations of ancestors, errors or an intention to deceive are rather unlikely.”

May combine two claims.

Genealogical information is enough to refute the conclusions of chronological extremists and to confirm conventional chronology in a very general way.

“This is enough to refute the conclusions of chronological extremists and to confirm conventional chronology in a very general way.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The conventional Egyptian chronology used as the baseline for the calculations is correct.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In 1935, L. Borchardt rightly pointed out how insufficient our data is for any reliable calculation of an average generation length.

“In 1935, L. Borchardt had a critical look at the problem, and he rightly pointed out how insufficient our data is for any reliable calculation of an average.32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In these studies, the basis for such calculations is the use of a sufficient number of genealogical tables, and such tables have been collected in large numbers for the late Middle Ages down to modern times, with exact dates of birth and death for each person.

“In these studies, the basis for such calculations is the use of a sufficient number of genealogical tables.Such tables have been collected in large numbers for the late Middle Ages down to modern times, with exact dates of birth and death for each person.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Weak points in Bierbrier's line of argument have been pointed out by David Henige.

“Weak points in his line of argument have been pointed out long ago by David Henige.44”

• cites [44]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Berlin Genealogy's compilation of 60 generations is the least trustworthy of all we possess, and in some parts is definitely wrong.

“This single family would in fact have had an average of 22,8 years, but it goes without saying that this genealogical compilation of 60 generations is the least trustworthy of all we possess, and, as stated above, in some parts is definitely wrong.”

May combine two claims.

Calculating a generation at 25 years from 664 yields 1264-1289 for Ramses II, which would fit well.

“Calculated at 25 years, we arrive at 1264-1289; this would fit well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The different results are not contradictory or astonishing, but they teach that it is not reasonable to take one single genealogy as a base for general conclusions.

“The different results are in no way contradictory or even astonishing, but they can teach us that it is not reasonable to take one single genealogy as a base for general conclusions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On the whole, the reliability of long pedigrees can often be called into question.

“On the whole, the reliability of these long pedigrees can often be called into question.”

May combine two claims.

Further evidence for a 30-year generation might come from Herodotus's three generations to a century and from the Egyptian Sed-festival, whose 30 years may reflect the conception of the length of a generation.

“Further evidence might come from Herodotus, who reckons three generations to a century, and also from the Egyptian Sed-festival.Its 30 years may indeed reflect the conception of the length of a generation.55”

• cites [55]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Practically all the higher Theban priests and officials in the later periods are at least remotely related, and all those genealogical tables are connected.

“In fact, practically all the higher Theban priests and officials in the later periods are at least remotely related, all those genealogical tables are connected.”

May combine two claims.

For Ancient Egypt, we lack any such basis for calculating an average generation length; we have a small amount of long pedigrees and can put together genealogical tables for a few families from Thebes, but this is a scanty base for a reliable calculation, especially since dates of birth are lacking throughout.

“For Ancient Egypt, we lack any such basis.As I tried to demonstrate, we have a small amount of long pedigrees and we can put together genealogical tables for a few families from Thebes, but this is a scanty base for a reliable calculation, all the more so since the most important detail is lacking throughout: the dates of birth.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bierbrier arrived at 24-25 generations for the period from Ramses II to 664 B.C.

“Nevertheless, Bierbrier arrived at 24-25 generations.”

May combine two claims.

Long pedigrees and genealogical tables with at least two members fixed in time can be used for a rough chronological estimation by counting generations, but the operation is circular if the average generation length is determined with the help of established chronology.

“Long pedigrees and genealogical tables with at least two members fixed in time can be used for a rough chronological estimation by counting the generations -but, of course, the whole operation reveals something of a circular argument, if we determine the average length of a generation with the help of the established chronology.”

May combine two claims.

We almost never know the exact year of birth and of death, nor the age at death.

“We almost never know the exact year of birth and of death, nor the age at death.”