The Egyptian Community in Avaris During the Hyksos Period

May combine two claims.

Only pits with settlement waste appeared at Ezbet Rushdi, among them a pit of the 13th Dynasty with an impression of a seal of a mayor of Avaris with the Egyptian name Imeny-seneb-nefer.

“However, only pits with settlement waste appeared, among them a pit of the 13 th Dynasty with an impression of a seal of a mayor of Avaris with the Egyptian name of Imeny-seneb-nefer from the time of the 13 th Dynasty (Fig. 4).”

May combine two claims.

Sub-units in the complex look like houses with courtyards, one exception encompassed silos, and that exception contained remains of ovens.

“Instead, one could identify sub-units that look like houses with courtyards, one exception of which encompass silos; the exception contained remains of ovens.”

May combine two claims.

The neighbouring house block, Complex 2, to the east, separated by Street 1, had some tombs, one of them a mudbrick chamber tomb.

“In the neighbouring house block (Complex 2) to the east, separated by 'Street 1,' some tombs were present, one of them a mudbrick chamber tomb.”

May combine two claims.

The temples are surrounded by cemeteries with Egyptian mortuary chapels, but the burials were of Canaanites with toggle pins and partly Near Eastern weaponry.

“The temples are surrounded by cemeteries with Egyptian mortuary chapels, but the burials were of Canaanites with toggle pins and partly Near Eastern weaponry.”

May combine two claims.

The units of Complex 1 show signs of households with individual arrangements and unit sizes between about 100 and 150 m2.

“Otherwise, the units of this complex show all the signs of households with individual arrangements and unit sizes between c. 100 to 150 m 2 .”

May combine two claims.

The temple precinct in A/II from the time of the 14th and 15th Dynasties (c.1730-1530 BC) has two main temples, a Near Eastern broad-room-shrine (Temple III) and an Egyptian shrine (Temple V), standing side by side.

“The two main temples, a Near Eastern type of a broad-room-shrine (Temple III) and an Egyptian shrine (Temple V) stand side by side (Fig. 8).”

May combine two claims.

The custom of burying the dead within the settlement is considered the Canaanites' ethnic marker, whereas Ancient Egyptians kept burial sites separate from settlements except for infant burials in pottery containers.

“The custom of burying the dead within the settlement is considered their ethnic marker, whereas the Ancient Egyptians kept the burial sites separate from the settlements except for infant burials in pottery containers.”

May combine two claims.

Papyrus Rhind and other papyri kept, written, or copied in Avaris suggest strongly that the Hyksos employed Egyptian scribes and perhaps even schools of scribes.

“Papyrus Rhind and other papyri which were kept and even written or copied in Avaris suggest strongly that the Hyksos employed Egyptian scribes and perhaps even schools of scribes.”

May combine two claims.

Intramural burials were an integral custom at Avaris, which was inhabited largely by a population of Near Eastern origin.

“Intramural burials were, however, an integral custom at Avaris, which was inhabited at that time largely by a population of Near Eastern origin”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The site at Ezbet Rushdi was levelled in the 20th century, so no strata of the Second Intermediate Period are preserved there except pits of the 13th Dynasty and the following Second Intermediate Period.

“The site at c Ezbet Rushdi was levelled in the 20 th century for agricultural land reclamation.Therefore, no strata of the Second Intermediate Period are preserved, with the exception of pits of 17 czerny 2016, 427-440.the 13 th Dynasty and the following Second Intermediate Period.”

May combine two claims.

It seems likely that the Egyptian community was employed because of their skills in the administration of the Hyksos, which shows in the number of seal impressions in their quarter and the nearby environment.

“It seems likely that they were employed because of their skills in the administration of the Hyksos which shows in the number of seal impressions in their quarter and the nearby environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If the founder effect explains the sexual dimorphism, then the majority of female partners were taken from somewhere else in the Near East and not from the place of origin of the males.

“If the latter is the case, this would mean that the majority of the female partners were taken from somewhere else in the Near East and not from the place of origin of the males.”

May combine two claims.

The evidence of toggle-pin distribution supports the suspicion that Complex 1 was used by Egyptians and Complexes 2 and 3 by the population of Western Asiatic settlers at Avaris.

“this evidence supports our suspicion that Complex 1 was used by Egyptians and Complexes 2 and 3 by the population of Western Asiatic settlers at Avaris.”

May combine two claims.

The absence of practically any tombs within the precinct of the planned settlement of the 12th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period indicates that the Egyptian population continued to settle at this site until the Hyksos Period, most probably until the end of that epoch.

“is an indication that the Egyptian population continued to settle at this site until the Hyksos Period, most probably until the end of this epoch.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other papyri seem to have been copied during the Hyksos Period by Egyptian scribes.

“Also other papyri seem to have been copied during the Hyksos Period by Egyptian scribes.”

May combine two claims.

Because the excavated part is just south of Ezbet Rushdi, which was purely Egyptian not only in the Middle Kingdom but also subsequently, it is more sensible to assume that this excavated part was a settlement of Egyptians who needed more space and started to occupy the area outside their original town at Ezbet Rushdi.

“As we are just south of the settlement at c Ezbet Rushdi, which was purely Egyptian not only in the Middle Kingdom but also subsequently, it gives more sense to assume, for this excavated part, that it was a settlement of Egyptians who needed more space and started to occupy the area outside their original town at c Ezbet Rushdi.”

May combine two claims.

The Egyptian part of the population of Avaris was not only contained within the area of the ancient city walls of Ezbet Rushdi but was able to expand its habitation area towards the south on territory already held by newcomers from the Near East.

“I shall show in the following that the Egyptian part of the population of Avaris was not only contained within the area of the ancient city walls of c Ezbet Rushdi but was able to expand its habitation area towards the south on territory already held by the newcomers from the Near East.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The toggle pin is an ethnic marker and was used to hold together the garment of the Canaanite dress on the left shoulder.

“As the toggle pin is an ethnic marker and was used to hold together the garment of the Canaanite dress on the left shoulder”

May combine two claims.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus was copied from an older papyrus, dates to the 33rd year of the Hyksos King Apophis, was kept at Avaris, and later received secondary inscriptions during the siege of that town.

“We know from papyri such as especially the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus in the British Museum that this document was copied from an older papyrus, has a date of the 33 rd year of the Hyksos King Apophis and was therefore kept at Avaris where it later received secondary inscriptions during the siege of this town as some entries show on the reverse.”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

New evidence indicates that the Egyptians at Avaris were able, to some extent, to keep their identity and stayed in the oldest part of the settlement as a block together.

“To our surprise, however, there is now new evidence that the Egyptians at Avaris were able, to some extent, to keep their identity and also stayed in the oldest part of the settlement as a block together.”

May combine two claims.

The fact that the Egyptian community could keep its identity and was even able to expand its building ground shows that they were respected and had even some influence.

“On the contrary, the fact that the Egyptian community could keep their identity and were even able to expand their building ground shows that they were respected and had even some influence.”