Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”?
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Background: Gambling and gaming disorders have been included as “disorders due to addictive behaviors” in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Other problematic behaviors may be considered as “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors (6C5Y).” Methods: Narrative review, experts' opinions. Results: We suggest the following meta-level criteria for considering potential addictive behaviors as fulfilling the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”: 1. Clinical relevance: Empirical evidence from multiple scientific studies demonstrates that the specific potential addictive behavior is clinically relevant and individuals experience negative consequences and functional impairments in daily life due to the problematic and potentially addictive behavior. 2. Theoretical embedding: Current theories and theoretical models belonging to the field of research on addictive behaviors describe and explain most appropriately the candidate phenomenon of a potential addictive behavior. 3. Empirical evidence: Data based on self-reports, clinical interviews, surveys, behavioral experiments, and, if available, biological investigations (neural, physiological, genetic) suggest that psychological (and neurobiological) mechanisms involved in other addictive behaviors are also valid for the candidate phenomenon. Varying degrees of support for problematic forms of pornography use, buying and shopping, and use of social networks are available. These conditions may fit the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”. Conclusion: It is important not to over-pathologize everyday-life behavior while concurrently not trivializing conditions that are of clinical importance and that deserve public health considerations. The proposed meta-level-criteria may help guide both research efforts and clinical practice.
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Research into problem gaming has advanced particularly in the areas of epidemiology, neurobiology and interventions, and has stimulated scientific interest in problematic engagement in other online activities.
“Research into problem gaming has advanced particularly in the areas of epidemiology, neurobiology and interventions, and has also stimulated scientific interest in problematic engagement in other online activities (e.g., social networking sites, Internet pornography use, and ecommerce) 213,214 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [213]
The Meta-level-criteria section proposes applying gaming-disorder diagnostic guidelines to other potentially addictive behaviors, and the Pornography-use disorder section discusses adapting those guidelines to pornography use. This supports a connection between gaming research and work on other online activities, but the paper does not establish that gaming research stimulated that interest or document advances specifically in epidemiology, neurobiology, and interventions. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a debate over whether excessive social media use should be considered a behavioral addiction.
“There is a debate over whether excessive social media use should be considered a behavioral addiction. ( 33 – 35 ).”
From Neurocognitive function among individuals with problematic social media use (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
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References 89 · Cited by 398
- Authors
- Brand, M., Rumpf, H.-J., Demetrovics, Z., MÜller, A., Stark, R., King, D. L., Goudriaan, A. E., Mann, K., Trotzke, P., Fineberg, N. A., Chamberlain, S. R., Kraus, S. W., Wegmann, E., Billieux, J., & Potenza, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Arkin (NL)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brand, Matthias
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2020-06-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 150-159
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC9295220
- OpenAlex
- W3042194435
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ELTE Digital Institutional Repository (EDIT) (Eötvös Loránd University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- COST Action CA16207 “European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet”, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www.cost.eu.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- ICD-11, gambling addiction, gaming addiction, problematic pornography use, social media addiction, functional disability
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