Applying the technology acceptance model (tam) to explore the effects of a course management system (cms)-assisted efl writing instruction
Abstract
This study illustrates a teaching model that utilizes a Blackboard (Bb) course management system (CMS) to support English writing instruction. It was implemented in a blended English research paper (RP) writing course, with specific learning resources and activities offered inside and outside the Bb CMS. A quasi-experimental study in which the results of two academic years were analyzed is presented. The results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in their final drafts. The research methodology includes the technology acceptance model (TAM) to evaluate the course. The results of the survey showed that most students displayed positive learning outcomes, indicating that the instruction model could contribute to the effectiveness of learning English writing. Major factors influencing the improvement of writing performance included technical support, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude; however, the influence of writing activities on the Bb was limited in comparison to the other variables.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The rate of flagged reviews serves as a valuable indicator of student agency in peer review, reflecting their active engagement in refining feedback and independent commitment to improving its quality.
“The rate of flagged reviews serves as a valuable indicator of student agency in peer review, reflecting their active engagement in refining feedback and independent commitment to improving its quality.”
From Impact of AI assistance on student agency (2024) · cites this paper as Tsai (2015)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of AI assistance on student agency
Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S., Gašević, D., & Siemens, G. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104967 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
“…acknowledging the effect of externally-facilitated monitoring on self-regulated learning (Ga ˇ sevi ´ c, Adesope, Joksimovi ´ c, & Kovanovi ´ c, 2015; Ga ˇ sevi ´ c, Mirriahi, Dawson, & Joksimovi ´ c, 2017), a self-monitoring checklist was incorporated to scaffold an essential SRL process of…”
BackgroundExplicating the influences that explain intention to use technology among English teachers in China
Teo, T. P., Huang, F., & Hoi, C. K. W. (2017) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2017.1341940 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“It is argued that TAM only provides general information concerning the acceptance of a specific technology (Tsai, 2015), and it is necessary to obtain detailed information regarding the context-and content-specific usage.”
BackgroundInfluentialA ChatBot for Learning Chinese: Learning Achievement and Technology Acceptance
Chen, H.-L., Vicki Widarso, G., & Sutrisno, H. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120929622 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Huang, F., Teo, T. P., & Zhou, M. (2017) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633117746168 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Nunes, A., Cordeiro, C., Limpo, T., & Castro, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12635 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“For example, students only utilized the feedback they perceived to be valuable and helpful (Wang, 2015) and perceptions about technical support, usefulness, ease of use, and attitude towards AWE systems, influenced how much writing improved in response to feedback (Tsai, 2014).”
Huang, F., & Teo, T. P. (2019) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09722-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…the validity of TAM has been widely acknowledged, it has been criticised as too parsimonious (Wong et al. 2012) given that it is concerned only with the acceptance of a specific technology (Tsai 2015) and fails to obtain detailed information regarding the context in which technology is used.”
BackgroundSeyyedrezaei, M. S., Amiryousefi, M., Sanz, A. G., & Tavakoli, M. (2022) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2022.2118782 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Many studies have highlighted the potential applications of such innovative technologies in writing instruction (Bailey & Judd, 2018; Ebadi & Rahimi, 2018; Hsu & Lo, 2018; Seyyedrezaei et al, 2021; Tsai, 2015; Wang, 2015).”
Khlaisang, J., Songkram, N., Huang, F., & Teo, T. P. (2021) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1993933 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…it only provides general information concerning the acceptance of a speci fi c technology and thus it is necessary for researchers to also consider external variables for inclusion into the core model and to apply the TAM in di ff erent contexts (Huang et al., 2019; Teo et al., 2018; Tsai, 2014).”
BackgroundMilutinović, V. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10887-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“TAM has been widely praised; however, its parsimonious nature, robustness, and predictive ability have been criticized for being restricted to a specific context and for offering only basic information about the adoption of a certain technology (Tsai, 2015).”
BackgroundExploring India’s Generation Z perspective on AI enabled internet banking services
Hameed, S., & Nigam, A. (2022) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-10-2021-0213 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Incorporating Training, Self-monitoring and AI-Assistance to Improve Peer Feedback Quality
Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Abdi, S., Sadiq, S., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale · doi:10.1145/3491140.3528265 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Tsai [86] also underlined that the success of e-learning is mainly dependent on student acceptance of the system and desire to utilise it.”
BackgroundTsai, P.-S., & Liao, H. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2021.102594 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Lucas, M., Bem‐Haja, P., & Pedro, L. F. M. G. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100286 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sadeck, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.906195 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“• Tsai (2015): applied TAM to explore the effects of a CMS writing instruction; Ajibade (2018) explored the Limitations of TAM in Practical Applications and Use in Technology-related Studies; Wannapiroon et al. (2021) Explored Technology acceptance of online instruction for vocational instructors in…”
MethodSemlambo, A. A., Almasi, K., & Liechuka, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) · doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v10i4.ec08 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ozawa, S. (2019) · CALICO Journal · doi:10.1558/cj.36748 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In summary, it is assumed that leaners’ characteristics may predict the successful employment of self-regulated learning skills and will in turn lead to the actual use of the technology (Tabak & Nguyen, 2013; Tsai, 2015).”
BackgroundEvaluation of Technology Platforms for Use in Transdisciplinary Research
Chillakanti, P., Ekwaro-Osire, S., & Ertas, A. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11010023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Tsai explored TAM to study the effects of a Course Management System (CMS)-Assisted English as a foreign language writing instruction tool [25].”
BackgroundTechnology Adoption Factors in Education: A Review
Oyetade, K., Harmse, A., & Zuva, T. (2020) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD) · doi:10.1109/icabcd49160.2020.9183830 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Blended Learning Trends
Mahmud, M. M., Ubrani, M. B., & Wong, S. F. (2020) · International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning · doi:10.1145/3377571.3379439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: CALL and Advanced Language Proficiency
Burston, J., & Arispe, K. (2017) · CALICO Journal · doi:10.1558/cj.31594 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Thus only 43% (12/28) (3, 4, 8, 17, 21, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 39, 41) of the studies that focus on learning outcomes involved a sufficient number of participants and treatment duration to be confidently regarded as demonstrating statistically significant improvements.”
InfluentialXu, J., & Deng, Q. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14070593 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“CSE was a strong motive influencing the action, performance and behavior of individuals in online learning [44].”
BackgroundHow Epistemic Curiosity Influences Digital Literacy: Evidence from International Students in China
Ma, S., Jin, X., Li, X., Dong, H., Dong, X., & Tang, B. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030286 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU): The Technology Acceptance Model is a common basic theory of digital technology use and behavioral intention perception in language education (B. Bai et al., 2021; Tsai, 2015).”
Game-Based Virtual Reality for Languaculture Learning: An Example of the Forbidden City
Wu, J. G., Zhang, D., & Wang, M. (2022) · International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) · doi:10.23919/ilrn55037.2022.9815946 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hastuti, I., Wijiyanto, W., Lestari, W. I., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Economics Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) · doi:10.29040/ijebar.v3i03.491 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The method of measuring the level of user satisfaction with TAM information technology has been widely used (Punnoose, 2012), (Kurniabudi et al., 2014), (Rym et al., 2013), (Abdullah and Toycan, 2018), (Adwan et al., 2013), (Tsai, 2015), (Baharin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeepL Translate can be a scaffold to speaking fluency: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Imran, M. C., Marzuki, M., Sasabobe, L., Jubhari, Y., & Sujarwo, S. (2025) · EDULEC Education Language and Culture Journal · doi:10.56314/edulec.v5i1.302 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
USAGE OF ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE ON COST CONTROL OF LISTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA
Ogundajo, G. O., Ogunode, O. A., Awoniyi, O. A., & Iwala, A. T. (2023) · International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research · doi:10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4521 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…systems and technology products: medical services (Portz, Bayliss, Bull, Boxer, Bekelman, Gleason & Czaja, 2019); computer aided learning (Tsai, 2015; Munir, Shabir, & Sharif, 2021); information management (Enu-Kwesi & Opoku, 2019); sports and body fitness (Drehlich, Naraine, Rowe, Lai,…”
Aguboshim, F. C., & Miles, G. S. (2019) · Journal of information engineering and applications · doi:10.7176/jiea/8-1-01 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…& Rahman, 2015; Patsiotis, Hughes, & Webber, 2013); self-efficacy (Teoh, Siong, Lin, & Jiat, 2013); facilitating conditions (Chen & Chan, 2013; Tsai, 2015); usability measurement attributes used (Hsiao & Tang, 2015); and effectiveness, efficiency, learnability, and memorability (Chen & Chan,…”
Perceived Acceptance of Enacting Google Docs in an Online Collaborative EFL Writing Classroom
Syarifudin, S., & Husnawadi, H. (2022) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol13no3.2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Due to its significances in predicting the users’ technology acceptance, a plethora of studies have applied TAM in the ELT landscape (i.e. Hsieh, Huang, & Wu, 2017; Hsieh, Wu, & Marek, 2017; Huang & Teo, 2021; Mei et al., 2017; Alfadda & Mahdi, 2021; Mei, 2019; Tsai, 2015; Fattah Soomro, 2018 ).”
BackgroundMethodShechter, D. A. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Essence of Interactivity and Its Impact on Online Learning Community
Zhao, R., Luo, X., & Chen, Y. (2020) · International Conference on Frontiers of Educational Technologies (ICFET) · doi:10.1145/3404709.3404710 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The final version of TAM has been widely adapted and applied for various studies about the impacts of different external variables on users’ intention to use some specific information technology or information system [23][24][25][26][27].”
BackgroundThe Effects of the Sense of Community on Online Learning System
Zhao, R., Chen, Y., & Zhang, M. (2021) · doi:10.1145/3474995.3475030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“TAM has been widely adapted and employed in studies about users’ intention to use some specific information technology or information system [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24].”
MethodFaculty Adoption, Application, and Perceptions of a CMS in a University English Language Program
Milliner, B., & Cote, T. J. (2018) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5140-9.ch008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sharma, D., Pareek, A., Noor, S., & Dey, S. K. (2025) · South Asian Journal of Management · doi:10.62206/sajm.32.1.2025.196-214 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, F., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251406901 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
(2021) · Jordan Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.47015/17.4.12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Tsai (2015) A hardcopy of the course was delivered to students in the control group.”
Pesovski, I., Dimitrova, T., & Trajkovik, V. (2021) · International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET) · doi:10.1109/ithet50392.2021.9759614 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumarasamy, N., Arumugam, V., Sinnappan, P., & Ismail, M. R. (2023) · International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science · doi:10.5815/ijmecs.2023.03.01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This model has served as a theoretical foundation for many studies across various fields like online banking [15], healthcare [16], information and communications technology (ICT) [17, 18], and education [19-22].”
Guo, J., Chen, Y.-H., Wang, T., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijwltt.349236 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ismael, H. K., & Ali, A. M. (2021) · UKH Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.25079/ukhjss.v5n1y2021.pp65-72 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These results also are consistent with the study of Yea-Ru (2015) which showed that ICT instruments are admitted among students to strengthen their learning course.”
ResultExploring EFL primary school teachers’ behavioral intention towards digital game-based learning
Wang, Y., & Zou, D. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0346229 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The contribution of CALL to advanced-levelforeign/second language instruction
Burston, J., & Arispe, K. (2016) · doi:10.14705/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.539 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the remaining 26 studies [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45], the competency level of students can only be determined based on circumstantial evidence (e.”
BackgroundSun, J. (2024) · International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijwltt.338718 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Shifting Focus of CALL Research
Wang, Y. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009294850.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PERLUASAN MODEL PENERIMAAN TEKNOLOGI PADA ROBOT BARISTA DI FAMILYMART JAKARTA
Yulius, K. G., & Rahmanita, M. (2023) · JURNAL ILMIAH GLOBAL EDUCATION · doi:10.55681/jige.v4i3.1256 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sustainability of educational technologies: An approach to ratio and feedback
Mahmud, M. M., Mat, N. H. C., Manap, M. R., Zakaria, S. F., Tazijan, F., & Wong, S. F. (2023) · Asian Journal of Contemporary Education · doi:10.55493/5052.v7i2.4895 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krishnan, R., & Kandasamy, L. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-068-820251005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lengari, Y. G. P. (2021) · Saintara Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Maritim · doi:10.52475/saintara.v5i3.130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Han, J. (2019) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ghasemtabar, S. A., Arabzadeh, M., & Rahimidoost, G. (2019) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijvlms.90492 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
أحمد, ی. ع., & مصطفى, أ. ف. (2021) · المجلة العلمية المحکمة للجمعية المصرية للکمبيوتر التعليمي · doi:10.21608/eaec.2021.57691.1043
اتجاهات المستخدمین نحو التطبیقات الإخباریة وقضایا الاتحاد الأوروبی المطروحة خلالها
مناصیر, إ. ط. س. ا. (2022) · مجلة البحوث الإعلامیة · doi:10.21608/jsb.2022.166759.1512
Pelayo, F., & Reyes, A. (2021) · Revista de investigación de Sistemas e Informática · doi:10.15381/risi.v14i1.21861
Exploring Students' Perceptions of Online EAP Writing Courses in the EMI Context in Mainland China
Wang, L., Zou, B., & Wang, C. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2591-9.ch010
Maja, M. M., Nkuna, V. R., & Gcabashe, N. B. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.10.4.575
Stockwell, G., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009294850.001
Rassaei, E., & Mitchell, P. J. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8430-4_13
Niño, A. G., Deleste, V. L., Batallones, J. J. Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2025.685
Predicting the Use of Blog for Teaching English as a Foreign Language by Serbian Teachers
Milutinović, V., Teo, T. P., & Savić, V. M. (2026) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-026-10257-6
“…robustness, parsimonious nature, and predictive ability for providing only general information related to the acceptance of a specific technology (Tsai, 2015 ), for being limited to a particular context, and for limited applicability in the middle-income countries’ educational settings, such as…”
Examining the Acceptance and Effects of Moodle for Online EFL Instruction in the Age of New Normal
., H., & Stracke, E. (2026) · LEARN Journal : Language Education and Acquisition Research Network · doi:10.70730/ucly1833
- Authors
- Tsai, Y.-R.
- Affiliations
- I-Shou University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Tsai, Yea-Ru
- ORCID
- Tsai, Yea-Ru
- Venue
- CALICO Journal
- Published
- 2015-01-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-171
- ISSN
- 0742-7778 (ISSN-L)
- 2056-9017
- OpenAlex
- W2175862521
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 6.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CALICO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › English Language Learning and Teaching
- Social Sciences › Education › Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- technology acceptance model, virtual learning environments, Blackboard, EFL writing instruction, blended learning, research paper writing, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, technical support, student attitudes, writing performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review