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Cited by 193Viral Infections and Immunology ResearchVaccine Coverage and HesitancyVirology and Viral Diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine — Worldwide, 2016

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Hampton, Lee M., Farrell, Margaret, Ramirez-Gonzalez, Alejandro, Menning, Lisa, Shendale, Stephanie, Lewis, Ian, Rubin, Jennifer, Garon, Julie, Harris, Jennifer, Hyde, Terri, Wassilak, Steven, Patel, Manish, Nandy, Robin, Chang-Blanc, Diana, Immunization Systems Management Group of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative·2016·MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6535a3
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Abstract

Since the 1988 World Health Assembly resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, transmission of the three types of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been sharply reduced (1). WPV type 2 (WPV2) has not been detected since 1999 and was declared eradicated in September 2015. Because WPV type 3 has not been detected since November 2012, WPV type 1 (WPV1) is likely the only WPV that remains in circulation (1). This marked progress has been achieved through widespread use of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs), most commonly trivalent OPV (tOPV), which contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses and has been a mainstay of efforts to prevent polio since the early 1960s. However, attenuated polioviruses in OPV can undergo genetic changes during replication, and in communities with low vaccination coverage, can result in vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) that can cause paralytic polio indistinguishable from the disease caused by WPVs (2). Among the 721 polio cases caused by circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs*) detected during January 2006-May 2016, type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) accounted for >94% (2). Eliminating the risk for polio caused by VDPVs will require stopping all OPV use. The first stage of OPV withdrawal involved a global, synchronized replacement of tOPV with bivalent OPV (bOPV) containing only types 1 and 3 attenuated polioviruses, planned for April 18-May 1, 2016, thereby withdrawing OPV type 2 from all immunization activities (3). Complementing the switch from tOPV to bOPV, introduction of at least 1 dose of injectable, trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into childhood immunization schedules reduces risks from and facilitates responses to cVDPV2 outbreaks. All 155 countries and territories that were still using OPV in immunization schedules in 2015 have reported that they had ceased use of tOPV by mid-May 2016.(†) As of August 31, 2016, 173 (89%) of 194 World Health Organization (WHO) countries included IPV in their immunization schedules.(§) The cessation of tOPV use is a major milestone toward the global goal of eradicating polio; however, careful surveillance for polioviruses and prompt, aggressive responses to polio outbreaks are still needed to realize a polio-free world.

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  • Complete eradication of polio worldwide will ultimately require the cessation of use of trivalent oral polio vaccine, a strategy currently being implemented by the WHO through a synchronized switch to a bivalent oral polio vaccine.

    “Complete eradication worldwide will ultimately require the cessation of use of trivalent OPV, a strategy currently being implemented by the WHO through a synchronized switch to a bivalent oral polio vaccine, successfully implemented in 150 countries as of 2016 (Hampton et al., 2016).”

    From Vaccine Safety: Myths and Misinformation (2020) · cites this paper as Hampton et al., 2016

    The Abstract and Global Cessation section describe a synchronized switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV as a milestone toward polio eradication. They report that 155 countries and territories, not 150 countries, had ceased trivalent OPV use by mid-May 2016. The paper identifies WHO as a partner in the broader Global Polio Eradication Initiative rather than attributing implementation to WHO alone. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Metadata

Authors
Hampton, L. M., Farrell, M., Ramirez-Gonzalez, A., Menning, L., Shendale, S., Lewis, I., Rubin, J., Garon, J., Harris, J., Hyde, T., Wassilak, S., Patel, M., Nandy, R., Chang-Blanc, D., & Immunization Systems Management Group of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Affiliations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Hampton, Lee M.
ORCID
Venue
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Publisher
Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office
Published
2016-09-09
Volume
65
Issue
35
Pages
934-938
ISSN
  • 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-861X
DOI
10.15585/mmwr.mm6535a3
OpenAlex
W2510158554
Cited by
193
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 6
FWCI
21.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
  • Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Keywords
trivalent oral polio vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, vaccine-derived poliovirus, poliovirus type 2, bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine, polio eradication, wild poliovirus, polio vaccination coverage, childhood immunization schedule, polio surveillance
MeSH terms
Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated, Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, Global Health, Drug Substitution

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