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Cited by 286Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesFamily and Disability Support Research

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Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2016.

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Shaw, Kelly A., Maenner, Matthew J., Baio, Jon, EdS1, Washington, Anita, Christensen, Deborah L., Wiggins, Lisa D., Pettygrove, Sydney, Andrews, Jennifer G., White, Tiffany, Rosenberg, Cordelia Robinson, Constantino, John N., Fitzgerald, Robert T., Zahorodny, Walter, Shenouda, Josephine, Daniels, Julie L., Salinas, Angelica, Durkin, Maureen S., Dietz, Patricia M.·2020·MMWR. Surveillance Summaries
DOI 10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1PMC PMC7119643
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Abstract

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PERIOD COVERED: 2016. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (Early ADDM) Network, a subset of the overall ADDM Network, is an active surveillance program that estimates ASD prevalence and monitors early identification of ASD among children aged 4 years. Children included in surveillance year 2016 were born in 2012 and had a parent or guardian who lived in the surveillance area in Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, or Wisconsin, at any time during 2016. Children were identified from records of community sources including general pediatric health clinics, special education programs, and early intervention programs. Data from comprehensive evaluations performed by community professionals were abstracted and reviewed by trained clinicians using a standardized ASD surveillance case definition with criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). RESULTS: In 2016, the overall ASD prevalence was 15.6 per 1,000 (one in 64) children aged 4 years for Early ADDM Network sites. Prevalence varied from 8.8 per 1,000 in Missouri to 25.3 per 1,000 in New Jersey. At every site, prevalence was higher among boys than among girls, with an overall male-to-female prevalence ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1-4.1). Prevalence of ASD between non-Hispanic white (white) and non-Hispanic black (black) children was similar at each site (overall prevalence ratio: 0.9; 95% CI = 0.8-1.1). The prevalence of ASD using DSM-5 criteria was lower than the prevalence using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria at one of four sites that used criteria from both editions. Among sites where ≥60% of children aged 4 years had information about intellectual disability (intelligence quotient ≤70 or examiner's statement of intellectual disability documented in an evaluation), 53% of children with ASD had co-occurring intellectual disability. Of all children aged 4 years with ASD, 84% had a first evaluation at age ≤36 months and 71% of children who met the surveillance case definition had a previous ASD diagnosis from a community provider. Median age at first evaluation and diagnosis for this age group was 26 months and 33 months, respectively. Cumulative incidence of autism diagnoses received by age 48 months was higher for children aged 4 years than for those aged 8 years identified in Early ADDM Network surveillance areas in 2016. INTERPRETATION: In 2016, the overall prevalence of ASD in the Early ADDM Network using DSM-5 criteria (15.6 per 1,000 children aged 4 years) was higher than the 2014 estimate using DSM-5 criteria (14.1 per 1,000). Children born in 2012 had a higher cumulative incidence of ASD diagnoses by age 48 months compared with children born in 2008, which indicates more early identification of ASD in the younger group. The disparity in ASD prevalence has decreased between white and black children. Prevalence of co-occurring intellectual disability was higher than in 2014, suggesting children with intellectual disability continue to be identified at younger ages. More children received evaluations by age 36 months in 2016 than in 2014, which is consistent with Healthy People 2020 goals. Median age at earliest ASD diagnosis has not changed considerably since 2014. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: More children aged 4 years with ASD are being evaluated by age 36 months and diagnosed by age 48 months, but there is still room for improvement in early identification. Timely evaluation of children by community providers as soon as developmental concerns have been identified might result in earlier ASD diagnoses, earlier receipt of evidence-based interventions, and improved developmental outcomes.

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FIGURE 1 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites,† United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years. † Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.
FIGURE 1 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites,† United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years. † Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by site and month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years.
FIGURE 2 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by site and month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by sex and month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites,† United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years. † Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.
FIGURE 3 Cumulative incidence* of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children aged 4 or 8 years, by sex and month of age at earliest documented diagnosis — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites,† United States, 2016 Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval. * Per 1,000 children aged 4 or 8 years. † Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Constantino, J. N., Fitzgerald, R. T., Zahorodny, W., Shenouda, J., Daniels, J. L., Salinas, A., Durkin, M. S., & Dietz, P. M.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Shaw, Kelly A.
ORCID
Venue
MMWR. Surveillance Summaries
Publisher
Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office
Published
2020-03-27
Volume
69
Issue
3
Pages
1-11
ISSN
  • 1545-8636 (ISSN-L)
  • 1546-0738
DOI
10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1
PMC
PMC7119643
OpenAlex
W3013358449
Cited by
286
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 19
FWCI
26.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • MMWR Surveillance Summaries (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES010126)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, autism prevalence, early detection, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, sex differences in prevalence, racial and ethnic differences, early intervention programs, special education programs
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Early Diagnosis

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