The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bilateral Filtering: Theory and Applications
Abstract
The bilateral filter is a non-linear technique that can blur an image while respecting strong edges. Its ability to decompose an image into different scales without causing haloes after modification has made it ubiquitous in computational photography applications such as tone mapping, style transfer, relighting, and denoising. This text provides a graphical, intuitive introduction to bilateral filtering, a practical guide for efficient implementation and an overview of its numerous applications, as well as mathematical analysis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Stochastic relaxation, gibbs distributions, and the bayesian restoration of images.
Geman, S., & Geman, D. (1984) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.1984.4767596 · Cited by 17,949
A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing
(1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-466606-1.x5000-4 · Cited by 16,227
Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion
Perona, P., & Malik, J. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.56205 · Cited by 12,119
(1981) · Cited by 11,963
Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images
Tomasi, C., & Manduchi, R. (2002) · Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No.98CH36271) · doi:10.1109/iccv.1998.710815 · Cited by 8,177 · cited 3×
“With the former choice of wσs , we get the SUSAN filter [59] or the bilateral filter [63] (see Section 2).”
BackgroundMethodHuber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Computational modelling of visual attention
Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35058500 · Cited by 4,733
Land, E. H., & McCann, J. J. (1971) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.61.000001 · Cited by 4,095
Robust Statistics: The Approach Based on Influence Functions
Ruppert, D. (1987) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269782 · Cited by 3,880
SUSAN—a new approach to low level image processing
Smith, S. M., & Brady, J. M. (1997) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/a:1007963824710 · Cited by 3,333
A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes
Jobson, D. J., Rahman, Z., & Woodell, G. A. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.597272 · Cited by 3,036
Image Selective Smoothing and Edge Detection by Nonlinear Diffusion. II
Alvarez, L., Lions, P.-L., & Morel, J.-M. (1992) · SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis · doi:10.1137/0729052 · Cited by 2,208
Image Selective Smoothing and Edge Detection by Nonlinear Diffusion
Catté, F., Lions, P.-L., Morel, J.-M., & Coll, T. (1992) · SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis · doi:10.1137/0729012 · Cited by 1,468
Black, M. J., Sapiro, G., Marimont, D. H., & Heeger, D. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.661192 · Cited by 1,295
Markov Random Field Modeling in Computer Vision
Li, S. Z. (1995) · Computer Science Workbench · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-66933-3 · Cited by 1,276
Adaptive support-weight approach for correspondence search
Yoon, K.-J., & Kweon, I. S. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2006.70 · Cited by 1,194
Aubert, G., & Kornprobst, P. (2006) · Applied Mathematical Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44588-5 · Cited by 1,060
Self-citationDigital photography with flash and no-flash image pairs
Petschnigg, G., Szeliski, R., Agrawala, M., Cohen, M., Hoppe, H., & Toyama, K. (2004) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1015706.1015777 · Cited by 1,056
Oscillating Patterns in Image Processing and Nonlinear Evolution Equations
Meyer, Y. (2001) · University Lecture Series · doi:10.1090/ulect/022 · Cited by 1,037
Fast bilateral filtering for the display of high-dynamic-range images
Durand, F., & Dorsey, J. (2002) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/566654.566574 · Cited by 1,003
Self-citationA Fast Approximation of the Bilateral Filter Using a Signal Processing Approach
Paris, S., & Durand, F. (2009) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-007-0110-8 · Cited by 797
Self-citationOn the origin of the bilateral filter and ways to improve it
Elad, M. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2002.801126 · Cited by 791
Spatial-Depth Super Resolution for Range Images
Yang, Q., Yang, R., Davis, J., & Nister, D. (2007) · 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2007.383211 · Cited by 745
Modeling Textures with Total Variation Minimization and Oscillating Patterns in Image Processing
Vese, L. A., & Osher, S. J. (2003) · Journal of Scientific Computing · doi:10.1023/a:1025384832106 · Cited by 660
Fleishman, S., Drori, I., & Cohen-Or, D. (2003) · ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers · doi:10.1145/1201775.882368 · Cited by 623
A general framework for low level vision
Sochen, N., Kimmel, R., & Malladi, R. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.661181 · Cited by 615
Flash photography enhancement via intrinsic relighting
Eisemann, E., & Durand, F. (2004) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1015706.1015778 · Cited by 593
Self-citationWinnemöller, H., Olsen, S. C., & Gooch, B. (2006) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1141911.1142018 · Cited by 533
Barash, D. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2002.1008390 · Cited by 514
Image processing in the context of a visual model
Stockham, T. G. (1972) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/proc.1972.8782 · Cited by 498
Fleishman, S., Drori, I., & Cohen-Or, D. (2003) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/882262.882368 · Cited by 495
The Mollification Method and the Numerical Solution of Ill‐Posed Problems
Murio, D. A. (1993) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118033210 · Cited by 455
Cressie, N. A. C., & Watson, G. S. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288434 · Cited by 444
Stylization and abstraction of photographs
DeCarlo, D., & Santella, A. (2002) · Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques · doi:10.1145/566570.566650 · Cited by 432
Non-iterative, feature-preserving mesh smoothing
Jones, T. R., Durand, F., & Desbrun, M. (2003) · ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers · doi:10.1145/1201775.882367 · Cited by 421
Self-citationA multiscale model of adaptation and spatial vision for realistic image display
Pattanaik, S. N., Ferwerda, J. A., Fairchild, M. D., & Greenberg, D. P. (1998) · Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '98 · doi:10.1145/280814.280922 · Cited by 408
Real-time edge-aware image processing with the bilateral grid
Chen, J., Paris, S., & Durand, F. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1276377.1276506 · Cited by 395
Self-citationReal-time edge-aware image processing with the bilateral grid
Chen, J., Paris, S., & Durand, F. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers · doi:10.1145/1275808.1276506 · Cited by 394
Self-citationYaroslavsky, L. P. (1985) · Springer Series in Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81929-2 · Cited by 382
Particle Video: Long-Range Motion Estimation Using Point Trajectories
Sand, P., & Teller, S. (2008) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-008-0136-6 · Cited by 365
Image-based modeling and photo editing
Oh, B. M., Chen, M., Dorsey, J., & Durand, F. (2001) · Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques · doi:10.1145/383259.383310 · Cited by 348
Self-citationFast median and bilateral filtering
Weiss, B. (2006) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1141911.1141918 · Cited by 346
Non-iterative, feature-preserving mesh smoothing
Jones, T. R., Durand, F., & Desbrun, M. (2003) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/882262.882367 · Cited by 335
Self-citationTwo-scale tone management for photographic look
Bae, S., Paris, S., & Durand, F. (2006) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1141911.1141935 · Cited by 332
Self-citationNoise Estimation from a Single Image
Liu, C., Freeman, W. T., Szeliski, R., & Kang, S. B. (2006) · 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1 (CVPR'06) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.207 · Cited by 316
Digital Picture Processing: An Introduction
Yaroslavsky, L., & Yaroslavski, L. P. (1985) · Cited by 308
Non-Linear Gaussian Filters Performing Edge Preserving Diffusion
Aurich, V., & Weule, J. (1995) · Informatik aktuell · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79980-8_63 · Cited by 299
Video enhancement using per-pixel virtual exposures
Bennett, E. P., & McMillan, L. (2005) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1073204.1073272 · Cited by 241
Multiscale shape and detail enhancement from multi-light image collections
Fattal, R., Agrawala, M., & Rusinkiewicz, S. M. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1276377.1276441 · Cited by 241
Bilateral Filtering-Based Optical Flow Estimation with Occlusion Detection
Xiao, J., Cheng, H., Sawhney, H., Rao, C., & Isnardi, M. A. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11744023_17 · Cited by 237
Multiscale shape and detail enhancement from multi-light image collections
Fattal, R., Agrawala, M., & Rusinkiewicz, S. M. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1275808.1276441 · Cited by 232
The staircasing effect in neighborhood filters and its solution
Buades, A., Coll, B., & Morel, J.-M. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2006.871137 · Cited by 228
A common framework for nonlinear diffusion, adaptive smoothing, bilateral filtering and mean shift
Barash, D., & Comaniciu, D. (2004) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2003.08.005 · Cited by 220
Separable Bilateral Filtering for Fast Video Preprocessing
Pham, T. Q., & van Vliet, L. J. (2005) · 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo · doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521458 · Cited by 218
Reinhard, E. (2005) · doi:10.1145/1086057.1086187 · Cited by 173
Retinex by Two Bilateral Filters
Elad, M. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11408031_19 · Cited by 169
The Structure of Locally Orderless Images
Koenderink, J. J., & van Doorn, A. J. (1999) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/a:1008065931878 · Cited by 162
Neighborhood filters and PDE’s
Buades, A., Coll, B., & Morel, J. (2006) · Numerische Mathematik · doi:10.1007/s00211-006-0029-y · Cited by 156
Capturing and viewing gigapixel images
Kopf, J., Uyttendaele, M., Deußen, O., & Cohen, M. F. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1275808.1276494 · Cited by 141
Capture of hair geometry from multiple images
Paris, S., Briceño, H. M., & Sillion, F. X. (2004) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1015706.1015784 · Cited by 139
Self-citationMultispectral Bilateral Video Fusion
Bennett, E. P., Mason, J. L., & McMillan, L. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2007.894236 · Cited by 136
Capturing and viewing gigapixel images
Kopf, J., Uyttendaele, M., Deußen, O., & Cohen, M. F. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1276377.1276494 · Cited by 133
Diffusions and Confusions in Signal and Image Processing
Sochen, N., Kimmel, R., & Bruckstein, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision · doi:10.1023/a:1011277827470 · Cited by 104
High dynamic range image hallucination
Wang, L., Wei, L., Zhou, K., Guo, B., & Shum, H. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1278780.1278867 · Cited by 101
Ramanath, R., & Snyder, W. E. (2003) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.1606459 · Cited by 91
Trilateral filtering for biomedical images
Wong, W. C. K., Chung, A. C. S., & Yu, S. C. H. (2005) · doi:10.1109/isbi.2004.1398664 · Cited by 85
Normal improvement for point rendering
Jones, T. R., Durand, F., & Zwicker, M. (2004) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2004.14 · Cited by 82
Self-citationvan de Weijer, J., & van den Boomgaard, R. (2005) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2001.990993 · Cited by 81
Bilateral recovering of sharp edges on feature-insensitive sampled meshes
Wang, C. C. L. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2006.60 · Cited by 56
van den Boomgaard, R., & van de Weijer, J. (2003) · doi:10.1109/icpr.2002.1048187 · Cited by 46
Novel bilateral filter approach: Image noise reduction with sharpening
Aleksic, M., Smirnov, M., & Goma, S. R. (2006) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.643880 · Cited by 32
Reconstruction with 3D geometric bilateral filter
Miropolsky, A., & Fischer, A. G. (2004) · ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications · doi:10.5555/1217875.1217910 · Cited by 28
Cited by
Pixel-Adaptive Convolutional Neural Networks
Su, H., Jampani, V., Sun, D., Gallo, O., Learned-Miller, E., & Kautz, J. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.01142 · Cited by 348
Pedestrian detection under weather conditions using conditional generative adversarial network
Razzok, M., Badri, A., Mourabit, I. E., Ruichek, Y., & Sahel, A. (2023) · IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) · doi:10.11591/ijai.v12.i4.pp1557-1568 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Paris, S., Kornprobst, P., Tumblin, J., & Durand, F.
- Venue
- Foundations and Trends in Computer Graphics and Vision
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2009-08-28
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-73
- ISSN
- 1572-2740 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-2759
- OpenAlex
- W1995194116
- Cited by
- 586
- References
- 72
- FWCI
- 23.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.