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Cited by 13Biblical Studies and InterpretationLanguage, Linguistics, Cultural AnalysisLinguistics and language evolution

The second column (secunda) of Origen's Hexapla in light of Greek pronunciation

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Kantor, Benjamin Paul·2017·University of Texas at Austin
DOI 10.15781/t2nk36n3d
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Abstract

This dissertation addresses the phonology and orthography of the second column (Secunda) of Origen's (185–254 ce) Hexapla, which constitutes a Greek transcription of Biblical Hebrew. The transcription text is analyzed in light of its Hellenistic/Roman Near Eastern background, the phonology and orthography of Roman Palestinian Koine Greek, and roughly contemporary Greek transcription conventions for other languages.\nAside from the brief introduction (chapter 1) and conclusion (chapter 7), this dissertation is comprised of five substantial chapters. Chapters 2 and 3 address the historical and social background of the text of the Secunda. In chapter 2, I argue that Origen did not have enough Hebrew knowledge to compose the text himself. In chapter 3, on the basis of comparative evidence from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Near East, I argue that the Secunda originated among the Jewish scholarly community of Caesarea as a didactic aid in the second or third century ce. Chapters 4 and 5 address the linguistic background of the text of the Secunda. Chapter 4, based on a thorough analysis of the epigraphic evidence from ancient Palestine, provides a reconstruction of contemporary Greek pronunciation. Chapter 5, based on a linguistic analysis of comparative transcription material, surveys typical Greek transcription conventions from roughly the same period. Chapter 6 applies the data from the previous sections to the Hebrew vocalization tradition reflected in the text of the Secunda, addressing the phonemic and phonetic value of the consonants, vowels, and shewa as well as the syllable structure. Methodologically, the phonology and orthography of Secunda Hebrew are approached from the perspective of historical (Hebrew) linguistics, Greek pronunciation and orthography, linguistic studies on cross-language perception, and moraic phonology.

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  1. 5.3.3.1. Vowels The Arabic vocalic system is made up of three short vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) and three corre- sponding long vowels (/ā/, /ı̄/, /ū/). In addition to these vowels, the contraction of the diph- thong /ay/ may result in a monophthongs of the e-vowel class. 5.3.3.1.1. a-Vowels Arabic short /a/ is transcribed with Greek α: e.g., Αλαβδος /al-ˁabd/ (208 CE) and Αλαχβαρ /al-ˀakbar/ (505-520 CE). Arabic long /ā/ is likewise transcribed with Greek α: e.g., Μοσαλεµου /mosālem/ (179-180 CE) and Μαλ /māl/ (505-537 CE). When short /a/ is raised pretonically it is transcribed with ε: e.g., Σεουαδος /sewād/ (< */sawād/) (undated). When short /a/ is rounded before a labial, it is transcribed with ο: e.g., Ασλοµου /ˀaslom/ (< */ ˀaslam/) (434 CE) (AL-JALLAD 2015, 31-33). 5.3.3.1.2. i-Vowels Arabic short /i/ is transcribed most commonly with Greek ε: e.g., Αλεσου /ḫ āles ̣/ (179-80 CE) and Κεσεβ /qes ̣eb/ (505-537 CE). Less commonly, /i/ is transcribed by η: e.g., Νασηρος /nās ̣ir/ (IGLS XXI 59). Transcribing etymological /i/ with η is common in the environment of liquids and nasals. 177 In very rare cases it is transcribed by ι in stressed closed syllables: e.g., Σιθρο /sitrō/ (undated) and Ιννου /h ̣inn/ (undated). AL-JALLAD regards these occurrences as too rare to be meaningful. Arabic long /ı̄/ is transcribed almost always with ι: e.g., Αβδαλµιθαβου /ˁabd al-mı̄t̲ ab/ (434 CE) and Μοκιµος /moqı̄m/ (undated). Less frequently, long /ı̄/ may be transcribed with Greek ει: e.g., Μοκειµος /moqı̄m/ (undated) and Ουασειχαθος /was í̄kat-/ (undated) (2015a, 32, 34). Short /i/ is rendered as ι in the continuous text from north-eastern Jordan (3 rd /4 th CE): e.g., βι-Χανου[ν] /bi-kānūn/ (AL-JALLAD 2015, 32, 34; AL-JALLAD and AL-MANASER 2015, 52-53). 177. I would like to thank Ahmad Al-Jallad for providing me with this example and observation. 5.3.3.2.3. Semi-Vowel /w/ Arabic /w/ is typically represented by ου: e.g., Ραουαου /rawāh ̣/ (233 CE) and Ουαελος /wāˀel/ (293/
  2. YUDITSKY argues that these forms should be vocalized with an epenthetic between the first and second radicals: i.e., ουϊφρου = wyiḥ iprūand ιεµρου = yiḥ emrū/yiḥ e mrū(2017, 47, 121-22). However, there are at least two arguments against YUDITSKY's interpretation. First, the prothetic epenthesis to which he appeals, characteristic of the Babylonian tradition, does not occur for the root ‫חפ"ר‬ in Babylonian Hebrew (YEIVIN 1985, 458). Second, the only other instance of a I-/h ̣/ and II-sonorant verb in the Secunda does not exhibit prothetic epenthesis: ‫גוּ‬ ‫ְרְ‬ ‫ַח‬ ‫ְי‬ ‫ו‬ ουϊερογου (Ps. 18:46). It seems more conservative with the data, then, to assume that ουϊφρου and ιεµρου do not exhibit any irregular syllabification patterns. 6.5.1.4. Complex Onsets 6.5.1.4.1. Frequency of Sonorants and Sibilants in Complex Onsets Complex onsets ((C).CCv) are often broken up by the insertion of an epenthetic in the Secun- da (see 6.5.1.3.1). 393 There are, however, numerous instances in which a complex onset is rep- resented in transcription without an intervening vowel. These are listed below; onsets with gutturals, onsets with yod, and complex onsets beginning with the prepositions /b-/, /k-/, and /l-/ have been excluded, since each of these categories seems to have special conventions: 394
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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kantor, B. P.
Corresponding author
Kantor, Benjamin Paul
ORCID
Kantor, Benjamin Paul
Venue
University of Texas at Austin
Publisher
University of Texas at Austin
Published
2017
DOI
10.15781/t2nk36n3d
OpenAlex
W2786380716
Cited by
13
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
Type
dissertation
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Texas Digital Library (University of Texas)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
Keywords
Origen, Hexapla, Biblical Hebrew, Greek phonology, Greek orthography, Koine Greek, Shewa, cross-language perception, Hellenistic Near East, Roman Palestine, epigraphic evidence

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