Chapter 8. Urban and rural families in late 18th century Saint Petersburg province according to the 5th tax revision (revizskie skazki)

It may state two separate claims as one.

About one third of Sofia's single men were 31-40 years old, and 28% belonged to the age group 41 to 50 years old.

“Sofia single men's ages indirectly support that assumption: about one third of them were 31 -40 years old, and 28% belonged to the age group 41 to 50 years old.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There were sixteen cases when the Tsars' peasant brides married privately owned serf-peasants, and a soldier's daughter married a serf.

“However, there were exceptions: we found sixteen cases when the Tsars' peasant brides married privately owned serfpeasants; and a soldier's daughter married a serf.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most of Sofia's merchants and low-middle class citizens had nuclear families (56%); 37% consisted of single men; extended and multiple families made up 3% each like in Sankt Petersburg.

“Most of Sofia's merchants and low-middle class citizens had nuclear families (56%); 37% consisted of single men; extended and multiple families made up 3% each like in Sankt Petersburg.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Among Saint Petersburg's single men, those between 11 and 20 made up 24% and those 21 to 30 years old made up 45%.

“Those between 11 and 20 made up 24% of all single men; and those 21 to 30 years old -45%.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In most cases (up to 70%) the spouses had almost the same age at marriage or one of the spouses was maximum five years older.

“In most cases (up to 70%) the spouses had almost the same age at marriage or one of the spouses was maximum five years older.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The spouses' age at marriage was either similar or did not exceed 5 years (with older husbands) in 52% of all cases in Saint Petersburg and 41% in Sofia.

“The analyses showed that the spouses' age at marriage was either similar or did not exceed 5 years (with older husbands) in 52% of all cases in Saint Petersburg and 41% in Sofia.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The rural families as defined in the relationship column were much bigger than the urban ones, but the differences between the various strata of the peasant population were small.

“The rural families as defined in the relationship column turned out to be much bigger than the urban ones; however, the differences between the various strata of the peasant population were small.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most of the fifth revision primary lists are well preserved, which allowed analyses of family structure and main characteristics of marital behavior among selected urban and rural population groups in Saint Petersburg province in the 1780s and 1790s.

“Our study proved that most of the fifth revision primary lists are well preserved, which allowed analyses of family structure and main characteristics of marital behavior among selected urban and rural population groups in Saint Petersburg province in the 1780s and 1790s.”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

In Saint Petersburg, among the merchant and lower-middle class families in the revision, 51% were single-person families, 37% were nuclear families, and extended and multiple families each made up 3%.

“In Saint Petersburg, the percentage of single persons in the revision was very high: 51% of the total number of”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Peasant families belonging to the Tsars on average had 7.8 people, while serf-peasant families on average consisted of 7.2 people.

“Peasant families belonging to the Tsars on average had 7.8 people; while serf-peasants families on average consisted of 7.2.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Only 142 of Sophia's household heads were listed in both the 1782 and 1795 revisions, which composed only 38% of its population.

“For example, only Sophia's 142 household heads were listed in both the 1782 and 1795 revisions, which composed only 38 % of its population.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Only four grooms married brides from the state-run village; another four married daughters of the privately owned serf-peasants; two married a soldier's daughter and a sailor's daughter.

“Only four grooms married brides from the state-run village; another four married daughters of the privately owned serf-peasants; two married a soldier's daughter and a sailor's daughter.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Only 13% of the Tsars' peasants and 10% of the serf-peasants had extended families, and families consisting of a single person were rare in both cases at 8%.

“Only 13% of the Tsars' peasants and 10% of the serf-peasants had extended families; and families consisting of single person were rare in both cases -8% (see figure1).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Among migrants to Sofia, western provinces accounted for 3%, northwestern provinces 17%, central provinces 20%, and northern provinces 22%.

“Migrants from western provinces accounted for 3 %; northwestern (Novgorod, Pskov and Saint Petersburg) -17%, central -20% (mostly from Tver', Yaroslavl' and Moscow provinces); 22% -from northern (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets provinces) (See figure 2).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cases when the husband was 10 or more years older composed up to 7%, and those with a wife more than six years older than her husband composed only 2%.

“Cases when the husband was 10 or more years older composed up to 7%; and those with a wife more than six years older than her husband composed only 2%.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The proportion of nuclear families among the Tsars' peasants was 27%, and among privately owned serf-peasants 30%.

“The proportion of nuclear families among the Tsars' peasants was 27%; and among privately owned serf-peasants -30%.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In most serf-peasant families both husband and wife belonged to the same landowner: such unions composed up to 88% in the settlements under consideration, and every third union was concluded between fellow villagers.

“In most serf-peasants families both husband and wife belonged to the same landowner: such unions composed up to 88% in the settlements under consideration; every third union was concluded between fellow villagers.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The marriage date was not always stated in the documents; for example, there is no such information in the revision lists of the Sofia merchants and lower-middle class citizens.

“However, the marriage date was not always stated in the documents; for example, there is no such information in the revision lists of the Sofia merchants and lower-middle class citizens.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There were only thirteen cases registered when the husband was more than six years older and only two cases when the wife was six or more years older.

“There were only thirteen cases registered when the husband was more than six years older and only two cases when the wife was six or more years older.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Couples where husbands were ten or more years older than their wives composed up to 15% of the total number of marriages in Saint Petersburg and more than 30% in Sofia.

“Couples where husbands were ten or more years older than their wives, composed up to 15% of the total number of marriages in Saint Petersburg and more than 30% in Sofia.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Multiple family households were the most common in rural areas; the proportion of such families in the Tsars' settlements was 51%, and in the serf-peasants villages 50%.

“Multiple family households (see above) were the most common in rural areas; the proportion of such families in the Tsars' settlements was 51%, and in the serf-peasants villages -50%.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Peasants in the rural areas of Sankt Petersburg province had big extended families: there were three times more family members than in the merchant and low-middle class families living in the cities.

“Peasants in the rural areas of Sankt Petersburg province had big extended families: there were three times more family members than in the merchant and low-middle class families living in the cities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In most cases Russian scholars have analyzed rural populations, peasants in particular, and only a few studies consider urban populations or the clergy.

“In most cases Russian scholars have analyzed rural populations, peasants in particular, and only a few studies consider urban populations or the clergy (Avdeev, Troitskaya, Ulyanova; Postnikov).”

• cites Avdeev, Troitskaya, Ulyanova; PostnikovNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Saint Petersburg merchants and lower-middle class had extremely high percentages of families composed of a single man, whose family members likely stayed in the villages.

“Saint Petersburg merchants and lowermiddle class had extremely high percentages of families composed of a single man, whose family members likely stayed in the villages.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Russian family size was 5-7 members on average throughout the 15th and early 19th centuries.

“That corresponds well with the Russian family size with 5-7 members on average throughout the 15 th and early 19 th centuries found by others (Aleksandrov,57).”

• cites Aleksandrov,57Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The single men in Saint Petersburg were married but lived in Saint Petersburg on their own while their family members lived elsewhere.

“It turned out that they were married but lived in Sankt Petersburg on their own while their family members lived elsewhere.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Merchants and lower-middle class men in the town likely did not want to start families too early, trying to settle into the new place.

“Merchants and lower-middle class men in the town likely did not want to start families too early, trying to settle into the new place.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The revisions have good informational potential for studying family and marriage behavior among different social groups and its dynamics in late 18th mid 19th centuries Russia.

“Thus, the revisions have good informational potential for studying family and marriage behavior among different social groups and its dynamics in late 18 th mid 19 th centuries Russia.”