The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
FLUID BALANCE DURING TAEKWONDO TRAINING
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG >1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The mandatory protective equipment, including gloves, chest protectors, elbow pads, and helmets–typically constructed from impermeable plastic materials–further impairs thermoregulatory capacity, consequently exacerbating fluid loss (13).”
From Optimizing hydration in Chinese youth taekwondo athletes: evidence-based daily and training session-specific fluid intake recommendations (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nutrition and Athletic Performance
(2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31890eb86 · Cited by 1,084
Casa, D. J., Clarkson, P. M., & Roberts, W. O. (2005) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306194.67241.76 · Cited by 236
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- 2007, American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement, Med Sci Sport Exerc, 39, 377
- 2009, Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, suplementos alimentares e drogas: Comprovação de ação ergogênica potenciais riscos para a saúde, Rev Bras Med do Esporte, 15, 3
- Hall CJ, 2002, Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers, Br J Sports Med, 35, 390, 10.1136/bjsm.35.6.390 · DOI
- Brito CJ, 2012, Methods of body-mass reduction by combat sport athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22, 89, 10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.89 · DOI · Paper page
- Kazemi M, 2011, Weight cycling in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, J Can Chiropr Assoc, 55, 318
- Barley OR, 2018, Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Concerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts, J Int J Sport Physiol Perform Accept Date, 13, 933, 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0715 · DOI · Paper page
- Pallarés JG, 2016, Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports, J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 13, 10.1186/s12970-016-0121-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Hoffman MD, 2018, Considerations in the use of body mass change to estimate change in hydration status during a 161-kilometer ultramarathon running competition, Sport Med, 48, 243, 10.1007/s40279-017-0782-3 · DOI
- Rivera-Brown AM, 2012, Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat, Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 7, 39, 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.39 · DOI · Paper page
- Kutlu M, 2006, Assessment of hydration status by urinary analysis of elite junior taekwon-do athletes in preparing for competition, J Sports Sci, 24, 869, 10.1080/02640410500249357 · DOI
- Kazemi M, 2005, Pre-competition habits and injuries in taekwondo athletes, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 6, 10.1186/1471-2474-6-26 · DOI
- Chisholm D, 1975, Physical activity readiness, Br Columbia Med Assoc, 17, 375
- 1973, RISKO, Lancet, 2, 243
- Armstrong LE, 1994, Urinary indices of hydration status, Int J Sport Nutr, 4, 265, 10.1123/ijsn.4.3.265 · DOI · Paper page
- Lieberman HR, 2005, Severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat, Biol Psychiatry, 57, 422, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.014 · DOI · Paper page
- Alflen D, 2009, Caracterização das práticas de hidratação em atletas de karatê do estado de Rondônia, Coleção Pesqui em Educ Física, 8, 85
- Brito CJ, 2005, Caracterização das práticas sobre hidratação em atletas da modalidade de judô no estado de Minas Gerais, R bras Ci e Mov, 13, 59
- Loiola PC, 2019, Avaliação da porcentagem de perda de peso e taxa de sudorese após o treino de lutadores de uma academia no estado de São Paulo, Rev Bras Nutr Esportiva, 9, 74
- Fernández-Elías VE, 2014, Validity of hydration non-invasive indices during the weightcutting and official weigh-in for olympic combat sports, PLoS One, 9, e95336, 10.1371/journal.pone.0095336 · DOI
- Zubac D, 2019, Fluid balance and hydration status in combat sport Olympic athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies, Eur J Nutr, 58, 497, 10.1007/s00394-019-01937-2 · DOI
- Sawka MN, 1999, Influence of body water and blood volume on thermoregulation and exercise performance in the heat, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 27, 167
Cited by
Song, G., Chen, Y., Li, J., Pan, X., Sui, H., Chen, J., Lin, Y., & Yan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1923019 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Belfort, F. G., Amorim, P. R. D. S., Silva, C. E., Gonçalves, C. F. F., Niquini, P. R., Silva, R. P., & Marins, J. C. B.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
- ORCID
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-74
- ISSN
- 1806-9940
- 1517-8692
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 2
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (am)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
