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Cited by 14Renal Diseases and GlomerulopathiesChronic Kidney Disease and DiabetesLipid metabolism and disorders

Pathogenesis, histopathologic findings and treatment modalities of lipoprotein glomerulopathy: A review

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Cambruzzi, Eduardo, Pêgas, Karla Lais·2019·Brazilian Journal of Nephrology
DOI 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0148PMC PMC6788845
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Abstract

Abstract Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is an uncommon cause of nephrotic syndrome and/or kidney failure. At microscopy, LPG is characterized by the presence of lipoprotein thrombi in dilated glomerular capillaries due to different ApoE mutations. ApoE gene is located on chromosome 19q13.2, and can be identified in almost all serum lipoproteins. ApoE works as a protective factor in atherosclerosis due its interaction with receptor-mediated lipoprotein clearance and cholesterol receptor. Most common polymorphisms include ApoE2/2, ApoE3/2, ApoE3/3, ApoE4/2, ApoE4/3, and ApoE4/4. All age-groups can be affected by LPG, with a discrete male predominance. Compromised patients typically reveal dyslipidemia, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, and proteinuria. LPG treatment includes fenofibrate, antilipidemic drugs, steroids, LDL aphaeresis, plasma exchange, antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, urokinase, and renal transplantation. Recurrence in kidney graft suggests a pathogenic component(s) of extraglomerular humoral complex resulting from abnormal lipoprotein metabolism and presumably associated to ApoE.

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  • Hyperlipoproteinemia type III, high plasma apolipoproteins, proteinuria and microhematuria are common findings in LPG, and nephrotic syndrome and progressive loss of renal function are often observed.

    “Hyperlipoproteinemia type III (increased LDL and triglyceride levels), high levels of plasma apolipoproteins, proteinuria and microhematuria are common findings, and nephrotic syndrome and progressive loss of renal function are often observed.”

    From Lipoprotein glomerulopathy associated with the Osaka/Kurashiki APOE variant: two cases identified in Latin America (2021) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Clinical findings section identifies type III hyperlipoproteinemia, increased serum apolipoproteins, and proteinuria as features of LPG. The Introduction describes steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and progression to kidney failure in approximately 50% of patients. Our copy does not describe microhematuria as common; it mentions hematuria only in a treatment-section case report. It also does not establish increased triglyceride levels as part of the claim’s parenthetical definition. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mutated APOE is necessary but not the only determinant in the development of LPG.

    “Mutated APOE is necessary but not the only determinant in the development of LPG.”

    From The First Case of Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy in a Patient With Male Infertility (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Pathogenesis section says that family findings favor the hypothesis that abnormal ApoE is necessary but not the only determinant of LPG. The claim presents necessity as established and specifies mutated ApoE, whereas the same passage reports LPG patients in whom no ApoE gene mutation was found. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The study could not correctly assess the influence of environmental factors and modifier genes on penetrance of APOE mutations.

    “Meanwhile, it also prevents the correct and comprehensive assessment of the influence of environmental factors and modifier genes on the penetrance of APOE mutations9,18, 19, 20, 21”

    From The First Case of Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy in a Patient With Male Infertility (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Pathogenesis section (page unavailable) reports APOE mutation carriers who did not develop lipoprotein glomerulopathy and proposes variants in other genes as possible contributors to disease expression. It does not say that the influence of environmental factors or modifier genes could not be correctly and comprehensively assessed; nor does it discuss environmental factors in that passage. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Typical LPG histology comprises glomeruli with increased size due to ectasia of capillary loops, filled with light and lamellated eosinophilic thrombi; electron microscopy confirms small lipid vacuoles typical of lipoproteins.

    “The typical LPG histology comprises glomeruli with increased size due to ectasia of capillary loops, filled with light and lamellated eosinophilic thrombi. Electron microscopy confirms small lipid vacuoles typical of lipoproteins.”

    From Lipoprotein glomerulopathy associated with the Osaka/Kurashiki APOE variant: two cases identified in Latin America (2021) · cites this paper as [5]

  • LPG usually manifests in adulthood and predominantly affects males.

    “LPG usually manifests in adulthood and predominantly affects males.”

    From Lipoprotein glomerulopathy associated with the Osaka/Kurashiki APOE variant: two cases identified in Latin America (2021) · cites this paper as [5]

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Cites

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Cited by

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Authors
Cambruzzi, E., & Pêgas, K. L.
Affiliations
  • Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (BR)
  • Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Brasil; Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Brasil
Corresponding author
Cambruzzi, Eduardo
ORCID
Cambruzzi, Eduardo
Venue
Brazilian Journal of Nephrology
Publisher
FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
Published
2019-09
Volume
41
Issue
3
Pages
393-399
ISSN
  • 0101-2800 (ISSN-L)
  • 2175-8239
DOI
10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0148
PMC
PMC6788845
OpenAlex
W2900987705
Cited by
14
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
FWCI
0.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brazilian Journal of Nephrology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords
lipoprotein glomerulopathy, apolipoprotein E, APOE polymorphism, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, dyslipidemia, proteinuria, fenofibrate, LDL apheresis, plasma exchange, anticoagulants, urokinase, kidney transplantation, graft recurrence, lipoprotein metabolism, glomerular capillaries
MeSH terms
Adult, Hypolipidemic Agents, Apolipoproteins E, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Kidney Diseases, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, Sex Factors, Kidney Transplantation, Treatment Outcome

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