Cited by 73Neuroendocrine Tumor Research AdvancesGastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and TreatmentPituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments

Carcinoid syndrome: diagnosis and medical management

Open access
van der Lely, Aart J., Herder, Wouter W. de·2005·Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia

Abstract

Gastro-intestinal carcinoids are slow growing tumors arising from enterochromaffin or Kulchitsky cells. Their clinical presentation depends on what combination of bioactive substances is secreted. Midgut carcinoid can present with the carcinoid syndrome in the presence of liver metastases. Its most typical clinical manifestations include cutaneous flushing and diarrhea. A nonspecific biochemical tumor marker for carcinoid tumors is serum chromogranin A and a specific marker for the carcinoid syndrome is the increased urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Localizing studies in carcinoid tumors/syndrome are: transabdominal ultrasonography (US), endoscopy, endoscopic US, videocapsule endoscopy, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, selective abdominal angiography, 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy (and intraoperative radionuclide probe), 123I (131I)-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, bone scintigraphy and 11C-5-HT positron emission tomography (PET). Therapies for carcinoid tumors/syndrome are: surgery, somatostatin analogs, interferon-alpha, radiotherapy, liver dearterialization, liver (chemo, or radio)-embolization, alcohol sclerotherapy of liver metastases, radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases, cryosurgery of liver metastases, occasionally liver transplantation, radiotherapy-coupled somatostatin analogs, 131I-MIBG and occasionally chemotherapy.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1590/s0004-27302005000500028

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Most symptoms attributable to mast cell activation, such as isolated flushing, pruritus, headache, abdominal pain, or tachycardia, are not specific to mast cells but can be found in other clinical conditions and disorders.

    “This is because most symptoms attributable to MCA, such as isolated fl ushing, pruritus, headache, abdominal pain, or tachycardia, are not speci fi c to MCs but can be found in other clinical conditions and disorders as well. 112-118”

    From Selecting the Right Criteria and Proper Classification to Diagnose Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: A Critical Review (2021) · cites this paper as [113]

    The paper’s Abstract identifies flushing as a manifestation of carcinoid syndrome and describes abdominal pain from carcinoid tumors, supporting the point that these symptoms can occur outside mast-cell activation. It does not address mast-cell specificity generally or establish the claim for pruritus, headache, and tachycardia. The indexed copy provides no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Akerstrom G, Hellman P, Hessman O, Osmak L. Man- agement of midgut carcinoids. J Surg Oncol 2005;89(3):161-9.
  2. Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Octreotide. N Engl J Med 1996;334(4):246-54.
  3. Virgolini I, Britton K, Buscombe J, Moncayo R, Paganelli G, Riva P. In-and Y-DOTA-lanreotide: results and impli- cations of the MAURITIUS trial. Semin Nucl Med 2002;32(2):148-55.
  4. Teunissen JJ, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. Quality of life in patients with gastroenteropancreatic tumors treat- ed with [ 1 7 7 L u -D O T A 0 , T y r 3 ]octreotate. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(13):2724-9.
  5. Taal BG, Zuetenhorst H, Valdes Olmos RA, Hoefnagel CA. [ 131 I]MIBG radionuclide therapy in carcinoid syn- drome. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002;28(3):243.
  6. Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, Hofland LJ. New somato- statin analogs: will they fulfill old promises? Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146(5):701-5.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
van der Lely, A. J., & Herder, W. W. D.
Affiliations
Section of Endocrinology
Venue
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
Published
2005-10
Volume
49
Issue
5
Pages
850-860
ISSN
0004-2730 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2052081199
Cited by
73
References
77
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI
0.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Keywords
carcinoid syndrome, gastrointestinal carcinoid, enterochromaffin cells, midgut carcinoid, liver metastasis, cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, chromogranin A, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tumor localization, somatostatin analogues, interferon-alpha, transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, liver transplantation, 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy, MIBG scintigraphy
MeSH terms
Chromogranins, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Humans, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome, Biomarkers, Tumor, Chromogranin A

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review