Endogenous opiate analgesia induced by tonic immobility in guinea pigs
Open accessAbstract
A function of the endogenous analgesic system is to prevent recuperative behaviors generated by tissue damage, thus preventing the emission of species-specific defensive behaviors. Activation of intrinsic nociception is fundamental for the maintenance of the behavioral strategy adopted. Tonic immobility (TI) is an inborn defensive behavior characterized by a temporary state of profound and reversible motor inhibition elicited by some forms of physical restraint. We studied the effect of TI behavior on nociception produced by the formalin and hot-plate tests in guinea pigs. The induction of TI produced a significant decrease in the number of flinches (18 +/- 6 and 2 +/- 1 in phases 1 and 2) and lickings (6 +/- 2 and 1 +/- 1 in phases 1 and 2) in the formalin test when compared with control (75 +/- 13 and 22 +/- 6 flinches in phases 1 and 2; 28 +/- 7 and 17 +/- 7 lickings in phases 1 and 2). In the hot-plate test our results also showed antinociceptive effects of TI, with an increase in the index of analgesia 30 and 45 min after the induction of TI (0.67 +/- 0.1 and 0.53 +/- 0.13, respectively) when compared with control (-0.10 +/- 0.08 at 30 min and -0.09 +/- 0.09 at 45 min). These effects were reversed by pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg, ip), suggesting that the hypoalgesia observed after induction of TI behavior, as evaluated by the algesimetric formalin and hot-plate tests, is due to activation of endogenous analgesic mechanisms involving opioid synapses.
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The antinociceptive response elicited during tonic immobility is opioid mediated and involves activation of the PAG and the rostral ventromedial medulla pain circuit.
“The antinociceptive response elicited during tonic immobility is opioid mediated103,104 and involves activation of the PAG and the rostral ventromedial medulla pain circuit.71”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [104]
Decreased body sway and heart rate (bradycardic effect) have been demonstrated in response to threatening stimuli (pictures of angry faces or of mutilation), social-threat stimuli, and states of anticipatory anxiety.
“Decreased body sway and heart rate (bradycardic effect) have been demonstrated in response to threatening stimuli (pictures of angry faces or of mutilation), social-threat stimuli, and states of anticipatory anxiety.73–81”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [81]
The Introduction describes freezing and tonic immobility as defensive responses to danger, but does not report body sway or heart rate. The Results concern pain responses in guinea pigs; our copy does not address bradycardia or responses to threatening pictures, social threats, or anticipatory anxiety (searched for body sway, heart rate, bradycardia, and those stimuli). (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds
Rhudy, J. L., & Meagher, M. W. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00183-9 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
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Kozlowska, K., Walker, P., McLean, L., & Carrive, P. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
da Silva, L. F. S., Coimbra, N. C., & Menescal-de-Oliveira, L. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leite-Panissi, C. R. A., Rodrigues, C. L., Brentegani, M. R., & Menescal-de-Oliveira, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- ORCID
- Rodrigues, C.L.
- Venue
- Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 245-250
- ISSN
- 0100-879X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163882019
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Keywords
- tonic immobility, nociception, formalin test, hot plate test, naloxone, defensive behavior, licking behavior, opioid receptors, guinea pig
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Guinea Pigs, Immobilization, Male, Naloxone, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid Peptides
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