Factorial validity and reliability of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in the Brazilian physician population
Open accessAbstract
The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is a widely used screening instrument. One- and two-factor structures have been identified in some countries. In Brazil, the best factor structure is still unclear. This study aimed at knowing its factorial validity and reliability, and testing the one-factor and two-factor models. The participants were 7,512 Brazilian physicians. They answered the GHQ-12 and demographic questions. Unrotated (one-factor) and rotated (two-factor) structures of the GHQ-12 were extracted by principal component analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses (ML) were used to compare the one- and two-factor solutions. The two-factor model fitted the data better than the one-factor one. Those two factors were depression and social dysfunction, and they showed themselves to be directly correlated to one another. They also showed adequate reliability coefficients. The two-factor model is remarkably adequate, showing better fit indices, although it is acceptable to admit a common factor, which could be defined as psychological distress.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
All instruments have been translated to Portuguese with reliable psychometric properties.
“All instruments have been translated to Portuguese with reliable psychometric properties [54–64].”
From Study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of mindfulness training to reduce burnout and promote quality of life in police officers: The POLICE study (2018) · cites this paper as [62]
The Instrument section identifies a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the GHQ-12, and the Discussion reports acceptable psychometric properties, including Cronbach’s alpha above 0.80. The paper says it examines only the GHQ-12, so it does not establish that all instruments in the citing sentence have Portuguese versions with reliable psychometric properties. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200 · see citing works
Einax, J. W., Zwanziger, H. W., & Geiß, S. (1997) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/352760216x.ch5 · Cited by 18,779 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2769 · Cited by 15,613 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211 · see citing works
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418 · see citing works
Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
The Validity of Two Versions of the GHQ in the WHO Study of Mental Illness in General Health Care
GOLDBERG, D. P., GATER, R., SARTORIUS, N., USTUN, T. B., PICCINELLI, M., GUREJE, O., & RUTTER, C. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004242 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: a Tutorial on Parallel Analysis
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104263675 · Cited by 3,104 · see citing works
The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire
Levy, R. (1973) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(73)90039-1 · Cited by 2,707 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Variance Accounted for and Factor Loadings in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Peterson, R. A. (2000) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1023/a:1008191211004 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Montazeri, A., Harirchi, A. M., Shariati, M., Garmaroudi, G., Ebadi, M., & Fateh, A. (2003) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-66 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
The stability of the factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire
Werneke, U., Goldberg, D. P., YALCIN, I., & Üstün, B. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002287 · Cited by 387 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Responding to the recommendation to consider a large sample 2, it aimed at (1) knowing the factor structure underlying the 12-item of the GHQ by performing an exploratory factor analysis; (2) testing the two most common factor models to explain the data obtained by this measure, as discussed in the literature (one- an…”
MethodDoi, Y., & Minowa, M. (2003) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01135.x · Cited by 207 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 26(7):1439-1445, jul, 2010 This instrument asks whether the respondent has”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCan the 12-item General Health Questionnaire be used to measure positive mental health?
Hu, Y., Stewart-Brown, S. L., Twigg, L., & Weich, S. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707009993 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Does the 12-item General Health Questionnaire contain multiple factors and do we need them?
Gao, F., Luo, N., Thumboo, J., Fones, C. S. L., Li, S., & Cheung, Y. (2004) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-2-63 · Cited by 169 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Responding to the recommendation to consider a large sample 2, it aimed at (1) knowing the factor structure underlying the 12-item of the GHQ by performing an exploratory factor analysis; (2) testing the two most common factor models to explain the data obtained by this measure, as discussed in the literature (one- an…”
MethodPiccinelli, M. P., & Simon, G. E. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004539 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
A confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire‐12
Kalliath, T. J., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Brough, P. A. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.993 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Daradkeh, T. K., Ghubash, R., & El-Rufaie, O. E. F. (2001) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.89.1.85 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Somatic and psychological models of common mental disorder in primary care in India
Patel, V., PEREIRA, J., & MANN, A. H. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005941 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The painful truth: physicians are not invincible.
Miller, N. M., & McGowen, R. K. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A utilização do QSG-12 na população geral: estudo de sua validade de construto
Gouveia, V. V., Chaves, S. S. D. S., de Oliveira, I. C. P., Dias, M. R., Gouveia, R. S. V., & de Andrade, P. R. (2003) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722003000300006 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMäkikangas, A., Feldt, T., Kinnunen, U. M., Tolvanen, A. J., Kinnunen, M.-L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.444 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
MILLER, M. N., & McGOWEN, R. K. (2000) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-200093100-00004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ory, D. T., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2009) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-008-9215-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Configuração familiar e o bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes
Wagner, A., Ribeiro, L. D. S., Arteche, A. X., & Bornholdt, E. A. (1999) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79721999000100010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Adaptação e validação de uma escala de bem-estar psicológico para uso em estudos ocupacionais
Borges, L. D. O., & Argolo, J. C. T. (2002) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Taxa de Resposta em Levantamento de Dados pelo Correio: O Efeito de Quatro Variáveis
Gouveia, V. V., & Günther, H. (2012) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationComparación de dos modelos de medida del Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ-12)
González‐Romá, V., & Perez‐Lloret, S. (1993) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 26(7):1439-1445, jul, 2010
- Sarriera JC, Schwarcz C, Câmara SG. Bem-estar psicológico: análise fatorial da escala de Goldberg (GHQ-12) numa amostra de jovens. Psicol Reflex Crít 1996; 9:293-306.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): two meta-analytic factor analyses
Gnambs, T., & Staufenbiel, T. (2018) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1426484 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“(g) Finally, one study (Gouveia et al., 2010) was excluded because it reported a nonpositive definite correlation matrix.”
BackgroundMoehlecke, M., Blume, C. A., Cureau, F. V., Kieling, C., & Schaan, B. D. (2018) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.07.006 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Normal 34,1 (33,1-35,2) 1 Abaixo do peso 56,4 (51,9-60,7) 1,18 (1,14-1,21)”
14-Item Resilience Scale (RS-14): Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version
Damásio, B. F., Borsa, J. C., & da Silva, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.19.3.131 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Palenzuela-Luis, N., Clíments, G. D., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Gómez, J. Á. R., & Gómez, M. B. S. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604954 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Gonçalves, A. P., Zuanazzi, A. C., Salvador, A. P., Jaloto, A. M., Pianowski, G., & Carvalho, L. D. F. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/122576 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The scale presented good psychometric indicators [35, 36], and internal consistency reliability α = .”
The Factor Structure of the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire in a Literate Kenyan Population
Abubakar, A. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1420 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12): o efeito de itens negativos em sua estrutura fatorial
Gouveia, V. V., de Lima, T. J. S., Gouveia, R. S. V., Freires, L. A., & Barbosa, L. H. G. M. (2012) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2012000200016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Do People Overwork at the Risk of Impairing Mental Health?
Kuroda, S., & Yamamoto, I. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0008-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The psychometric properties of the GHQ-12 have been studied in various populations (Barbosa et al. 2010; Petkovska et al. 2015; Kashyap and Singh 2017).”
MethodPsychological distress, low-income, and socio-economic vulnerability in the COVID-19 pandemic
Santana, C. L. A., Manfrinato, C. V., Souza, P. R. P., Marino, A., Condé, V. F., Stedefeldt, E., Tomita, L. Y., & do Carmo Franco, M. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.016 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Yang, M., Dijst, M., & Helbich, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122671 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Trombka, M., Demarzo, M., Bacas, D. C., Antonio, S. B., Cicuto, K., Salvo, V., Claudino, F. C. A., Ribeiro, L., Christopher, M., Garcia-Campayo, J., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1726-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-12v2)
Damásio, B. F., de Andrade, T. F., & Koller, S. H. (2015) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272560201505 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Griffith, G., & Jones, K. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112638 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Factorial Validity and Invariance of the GHQ-12 Among Clinical and Nonclinical Samples
Fernandes, H. M., & Vasconcelos-Raposo, J. (2013) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191112465768 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“More recently, the study by Gouveia et al. (2010) aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the GHQ-12 among a large sample of Brazilian physicians.”
BackgroundMethodPalenzuela-Luis, N., Clíments, G. D., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Gómez, J. Á. R., & Gómez, M. B. S. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9010091 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Studies were conducted in Spain (n = 30) [2,4,9,13,15,16–21,26,29,35,37–39,53,55– 57,59,61–63,65,67,68,71], Colombia (n = 5) [5,7,8,36,64], Mexico (n = 3) [12,52,54], Cuba (n = 1) [11], Argentina (n = 2) [10,40], Brazil (n = 4) [6,33,44,45], Peru (n = 3) [3,31,32], Chile (n = 2) [28,60], Uruguay (n = 1) [14], USA (n =…”
Psychometric Properties of IES-R, Short Arabic Version in Contexts of Military Violence
Veronese, G., & Pepe, A. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513486360 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Factors Related to Self-Efficacy for Social Participation of People With Mental Illness
Suzuki, M., Amagai, M., Shibata, F., & Tsai, J. (2011) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.03.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Factor Structure of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire in the Korean General Adult Population
Park, J., Kim, Y. J., & Cho, M. J. (2012) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2012.51.4.178 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Damásio, B. F., Borsa, J. C., & Koller, S. H. (2014) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427213 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Psychological distress and quality of life in leprosy patients with neuropathic pain
dos Reis, F. J. J., Lopes, D. C. S., Rodrigues, J., Gosling, A. P., & Gomes, M. K. (2014) · Leprosy Review · doi:10.47276/lr.85.3.186 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Quality of Life among Adults with Confirmed Dengue in Brazil
Martelli, C. M. T., Nascimento, N. E., Suaya, J. A., Siqueira, J. B., de Souza, W. V., Turchi, M. D., Guilarde, A. O., Peres, J. B., & Shepard, D. S. (2011) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0067 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Moehlecke, M., Blume, C. A., Cureau, F. V., Kieling, C., & Schaan, B. D. (2020) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.11.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Guan, M. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0118-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Prior studies reported onefactor model [41], two-factor model [42], eight-item two-factor model [43], and three-factor model [44] were identified.”
Methodde Faria, F. R., Barbosa, D., Howe, C., Canabrava, K. L. R., Sasaki, J., & Amorim, P. R. D. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279401 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Huhtela, O. S., Näpänkangas, R., Suominen, A. L., Karppinen, J. I., Kunttu, K., & Sipilä, K. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.472 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The reliability of the GHQ-12 has been verified previously (Oksanen et al., 2014), while Hankins et al. showed the validity of the scoring of GHQ-12 (Hankins, 2008).”
MethodGeneral Health Questionnaire (GHQ12): new evidence of construct validity
Oliveira, T. A. A., Gouveia, V. V., Ribeiro, M. G. C., Oliveira, K. G., de Melo, R. L. P., & Montagna, E. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023283.09452022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“They also show the factorial invariance of this measure as reported by Gouveia et al. 5 , as well as the association of psychological distress with central variables in the context of intimate inter - personal relationships, such as libido and sexu-809 al satisfaction.”
MethodResultSelf-citationYang, M., Dijst, M., & Helbich, M. (2019) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.2304 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Teló, G. H., Cureau, F. V., Lopes, C. D. S., & Schaan, B. D. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rezaei, M., Zakiei, A., Reshadat, S., & Ghasemi, S. R. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1361 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Factor structure and reliability of the 12-item Sinhalaversion of General Health Questionnaire
Abeysena, C., Jayawardana, P. L., & Peiris, U. (2012) · International journal of collaborative research on internal medicine & public health · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evans, E. H. (2012) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Questionário de Bem-Estar no Trabalho: estrutura e propriedades psicométricas
Goulart, P. M., Ribas, J. M. B. I., Sahagún, M., & Bobsin, T. S. (2012) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2012000500002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Abbasi, E., & Hosseinlou, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2019/3852194 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Each item is rated on a four-point scale (less than usual, not more than usual, rather more than usual, or much more than usual) using one of the twomost common scoringmethods, namely, dichotomous (0-0-1-1) or Likert type (0-1-2-3) [17].”
MethodAloba, O. O., Opakunle, T., & Ogunrinu, K. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0074 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Oliveira, A. J., Neto, G. D. A. M., Barros, O. D., Pedreiro, R. C. D. M., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., de León, A. P., & Machado, S. E. D. C. (2018) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-018-0503-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evidências de Validade para Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7)
Gonçalves, A. P., Zuanazzi, A. C., Salvador, A. P., & Jaloto, A. M. (2023) · Revista Psicologia e Saúde · doi:10.20435/pssa.v15i1.1743 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Xi, C., Zhong, M., Peng, W., Liu, Q., Chu, J., Zheng, K., & Yi, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02845-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…structure, including Social Dysfunction, Anxiety and Depression, and Loss of Confidence (El-Metwally et al., 2018; Graetz, 1991; Saito et al., 2020), while other studies supported a 2-factor structure of Anxiety/Depression, and Social Performance (Gouveia et al., 2010; Schmitz et al., 1999).”
BackgroundOpare‐Asamoah, K., Amuah, J. E., Dongdem, J. T., Majeed, S. F., Mahama, Z. F., & Zakaria, D. N. (2023) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100625 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bandeira, E. D. O., Pompeo, D. A., Sasaki, N. S. G. M. D. S., Pancote, C. G., de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Alves, D. D. M., Eid, L. P., & Lourenção, L. G. (2025) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2025-0260en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mendes, T. C., Oliveira, R. S., dos Santos, D. F., Christófaro, D. G. D., Elsangedy, H. M., Bloch, K. V., Schaan, B. D., & Cureau, F. V. (2026) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2026.100767 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contrasting urban and rural pathways linking green areas to mental health
Morato, K. V., Rhodes, J. R., Wang, Y., ANDRADE, L. H. S. G., Mauad, T., Giulio, G. M. D., Prist, P. R., & Metzger, J. P. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103088 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
SALUD MENTAL Y GÉNERO EN EL PERSONAL SANITARIO DURANTE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19 EN LATINOAMÉRICA
de Freitas, M. G., Jaldo, R. E., Giménez, L., Ballester, D., Gadea, S., León, A. G., Velázquez, T., de, Á. M. M., & Alvarado, R. (2023) · Intervención · doi:10.53689/int.v13i1.167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Instrumentos de avaliação do estresse na população brasileira: uma revisão integrativa
Cazassa, M. J., Slavich, G. M., Silva, V. H. P. E., de Souza, L. H., Damasceno, E. S., Cordeiro, R. T. A., & Oliveira, M. D. S. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Terapias Cognitivas · doi:10.5935/1808-5687.20230041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bojahr, L. S., & van Emmerik, A. (2015) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Formiga, N. S., Freire, B. G. D. O., & Fernandes, A. J. (2020) · Revista de Carreiras e Pessoas · doi:10.20503/recape.v10i2.43825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abbasi, E., & Hosseinlou, M. H. (2019) · Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering · doi:10.29252/nmce.3.3.50 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
de Andrade, M., & da Silva, R. C. (2015) · INVESTIGAÇÃO · doi:10.26843/investigacao.v14i2.837
Bandeira, E. D. O., Pompeo, D. A., Sasaki, N. S. G. M. D. S., Pancote, C. G., de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Alves, D. D. M., Eid, L. P., & Lourenção, L. G. (2025) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2025-0260es
Bandeira, E. D. O., Pompeo, D. A., Sasaki, N. S. G. M. D. S., Pancote, C. G., de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Alves, D. D. M., Eid, L. P., & Lourenção, L. G. (2025) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2025-0260pt
Rocha, K. B., Hamann, C., & Pizzinato, A. (2026) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.31211/rpics.2026.12.1.376
- Authors
- Gouveia, V. V., Barbosa, G. A., Andrade, E. D. O., & Carneiro, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (BR)
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (BR)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (BR)
- Venue
- Cadernos de Saúde Pública
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1439-1445
- ISSN
- 0102-311X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108204285
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Cadernos de Saúde Pública (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- factorial validity, test-retest reliability, factor structure, one-factor model, two-factor model, psychological distress, depression, social dysfunction, physicians, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brazil, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Physicians, Population Surveillance, Quality of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
