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Effect of treadmill gait training on static and functional balance in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Treadmill gait training as a therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy has recently been the focus of many studies; however, little is still known regarding its effect on static and functional balance in children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of treadmill training and over ground gait training in children with cerebral palsy. METHOD: A randomized controlled trial with blinded evaluator was conducted with children with cerebral palsy between three and 12 years of age categorized in Levels I to III of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention and involved the Berg balance scale as well as the determination of oscillations from the center of pressure in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions with eyes open and closed. The experimental group was submitted to treadmill training and the control group performed gait training over the ground. The intervention consisted of two 30-minute sessions per week for seven weeks. RESULTS: Both groups exhibited better functional balance after the protocol. The experimental group had higher Berg balance scale scores and exhibited lesser mediolateral oscillation with eyes open in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Treadmill training had a greater effect on functional balance and mediolateral oscillation in comparison to over ground gait training in children with cerebral palsy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-5v3kg9.(Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials).
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“Treadmill training with no-BWS, for children with CP GMFCS I -II, improved BF&S and 'activity' components: 56 training for 7 hours (two 30min sessions/wk for 7wks) improved standing balance (BF&S), which demonstrated improved overall balance ('activity') (level II, conduct moderate; see Table SIIIa). 56”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
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Cited by
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Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Dewar, R., Love, S., & Johnston, L. M. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12660 · Cited by 242
“Treadmill training with no-BWS, for children with CP GMFCS I–II, improved BF&S and ‘activity’ components:(56) training for 7 hours (two 30min sessions/wk for 7wks) improved standing balance (BF&S), which demonstrated improved overall balance (‘activity’) (level II, conduct moderate; see Table SIIIa).(56) Training with…”
MethodInfluentialExercise interventions for cerebral palsy
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“For the present study, the findings described by Grecco et al. (2013) [20], who used the same treadmill training protocol, were considered clinically relevant.”
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Effectiveness of treadmill training on gait function in children with cerebral palsy: meta-analysis
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ResultCerebral Palsy Update - Focusing on the Treatments and Interventions
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“Medium-to-large negative effects (PP ML-Eo, d = –0.9825 95%Ci = –1.6842 ÷ –0.2808; PP ML-EC, d = –0.5471 95%Ci = –1.2222–0.128) favouring the treadmill group at T3 were found by Grecco et al. [31].”
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InfluentialJiao, S., Huo, H., Liu, W., Zhao, C., Ma, L., Wang, J., Xu, N., Zhang, C., & Li, D. (2025) · Complex & Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01830-y · Cited by 5
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“Treadmill training is among the therapies currently studied for this population and evidence shows that such training is extremely promising for children less than six years of age,(11) resulting in improvements in gait pattern, gross motor function and balance.(12, 13) The development of new therapeutic techniques in…”
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Ameer, M. A., & Khallaf, M. E. (2017) · International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research · doi:10.16965/ijpr.2016.200 · Cited by 3
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“test, 6-min walk test, hip kinematics, gait speed, and step length.(8,9) Treadmill training is thought to improve outcomes for children with CP through multiple repetitions training on the different phases of the gait cycle in a rhythmic manner.”
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Self-citationEntrenamiento del equilibrio en los niños y niñas con parálisis cerebral espástica y sus efectos.
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“Several studies indicate that exercise can increase muscular strength, gait speed, and stride length in children with CP [3, 4, 7, 8], but little research has been conducted on adults with CP.”
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“In addition, the post-treatment results of group C are in agreement with the findings of Rose et al. [30] and Grecco et al. [31], who demonstrated that treadmill training has significant effects on static and dynamic balance compared with overground gait training.”
Hadoush, H., AbuSalem, N., Almasri, N. A., Alnuman, N., & Al‐Sharman, A. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.170839.1
Metadata
- Authors
- Grecco, L. A. C., Tomita, S. M., Christovão, T. C. L., Pasini, H., Sampaio, L. M. M., & Oliveira, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Nove de Julho (BR)
- Venue
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-23
- ISSN
- 1413-3555 (ISSN-L)
- 1809-9246
- OpenAlex
- W2108655989
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- treadmill gait training, cerebral palsy, children, balance, static balance, functional balance, center of pressure oscillation, overground gait training, Berg Balance Scale, Gross Motor Function Classification System
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Postural Balance, Exercise Therapy, Female, Gait, Humans, Male, Single-Blind Method
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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