Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in China: Experience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters
Open accessAbstract
No AccessDirections in Development - Countries and Regions1 Feb 2013Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in ChinaExperience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial ClustersAuthors/Editors: Douglas Zhihua ZengDouglas Zhihua Zenghttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8432-9SectionsAboutPDF (5.5 MB)Other FormatsePUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:In the past 30 years, China has achieved an unprecedented development "miracle" in human history. How did China achieve this? What are the key drivers for such a rapid growth? And most importantly, what can be learned from China's success? While many factors could be identified to explain China's success, it is no doubt that the numerous Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and industrial clusters that emerged after the country's reforms are two important engines that have been driving China's rapid development. The key experiences of China's SEZs and industrial clusters could be best summarized as: gradualism with experimental approach; strong commitment; and an active facilitating state with strong pragmatism. The volume reviews the development experiences of China's SEZs and industrial clusters through extensive research, field visits, and case studies in an attempt to benefit the policy-makers, development practitioners, scholars from developing countries, and the global development community in general. It contains five detailed case studies – three SEZs in the broad…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lu, Y., Wang, J., & Zhu, L.-M. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20160272 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Economic reforms and industrial policy in a panel of Chinese cities
Alder, S., Shao, L., & Zilibotti, F. (2016) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-016-9131-x · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“In addition, the zones had developed a set of well-functioning markets for labor, land, capital, transportation, and technology (Zeng 2010).”
Wu, C.-Y., Wei, Y., Huang, X.-J., & Chen, B. (2017) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.03.012 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Moreover, policy privileges in development zones, including special rules for land use tax and customs duty as well as lower land prices (Wang, 2013; Zeng, 2010), have reduced production costs and thereby increased the economic output of land use.”
Background“Going Global in Groups”: Structural Transformation and China’s Special Economic Zones Overseas
Brautigam, D., & Tang, X.-Y. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.010 · Cited by 219
Factors affecting economic growth in Africa: are there any lessons from China?
Anyanwu, J. (2014) · African Development Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12105 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Huang, Z.-J., He, C.-F., & Zhu, S.-J. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.008 · Cited by 134
Li, J., Newenham-Kahindi, A. M., Shapiro, D. M., & Chen, V. Z. (2013) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-5805.2013.01062.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Mapping producer services networks in mainland Chinese cities
Zhao, M.-X., Liu, X., Derudder, B., Zhong, Y., & Shen, W. (2015) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098014558541 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Experiments in being global: the cosmopolitan nationalism of international schooling in China
Wright, E., Ma, Y.-J., & Auld, E. (2021) · Globalisation, Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2021.1882293 · Cited by 96
“In 1980, Shenzhen became the fi rst Special Economic Zone to facilitate a globally integrated market-oriented economy through favourable fi nancial, investment, and trade policies (Zeng 2010).”
The eastern industrial zone in Ethiopia: Catalyst for development?
Giannecchini, P., & Taylor, I. (2018) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Gu, J.-B., & Liu, H.-F. (2019) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2276 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Williamson, C. R. (2011) · doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.608258 · Cited by 84
Ciżkowicz, P., Ciżkowicz-Pękała, M., Pękała, P., & Rzońca, A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2648878 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Five Configurations of Opportunism in International Market Entry
Verbeke, A. C., Ciravegna, L., López, L. E., & Kundu, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12355 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Liang, X., Liu, X.-P., Chen, G.-L., Leng, J., Wen, Y., & Chen, G.-Z. (2020) · International Journal of Geographical Information Science · doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1741591 · Cited by 70
“(2010) has pointed out that EDZs are often managed in a top-down way which created a peculiar landscape and played a critical role in China ’ s processes of urbanization and industrialization (Huang et al .”
BackgroundKong, Q.-X., Li, R., Peng, D., & Wong, Z. (2021) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101883 · Cited by 57
Villasante, S., Rodríguez-González, D., Antelo, M., Rivero-Rodríguez, S., de Santiago, J. A., & Macho, G. (2013) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0448-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Under this context, China’s meteoric economic rise over the past three decades is an unprecedented ‘growth miracle’ in the economic history (Zeng 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialTang, J., Liu, A., Gu, J.-B., & Liu, H.-F. (2023) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3527 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones
Warr, P. G., & Menon, J. (2016) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2708828 · Cited by 47
“…generation Technology transfer Government revenue Demonstration effect Export growth Export diversification Enhancing trade efficiency of domestic firms Formation of industry clusters Integration into global value chains Source: Adapted from Zeng (2011a), extended to include Aggarwal (2010).”
BackgroundThe transition game: Toward a cultural economy of football in post-socialist China
Yu, L., Newman, J. I., Xue, H.-H., & Pu, H. (2019) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/1012690217740114 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation
Leong, C. K. (2013) · doi:10.1007/s10368-012-0223-6 · Cited by 46
Global Experiences of Special Economic Zones with Focus on China and Africa: Policy Insights
Zeng, D. (2016) · doi:10.1142/s1793993316500186 · Cited by 43
Self-citationHuang, Z.-J., He, C.-F., & Wei, Y. D. (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.04.007 · Cited by 42
Place-based policies, firm productivity, and displacement effects: Evidence from Shenzhen, China
Koster, H., Cheng, F., Gerritse, M., & van Oort, F. V. (2018) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12415 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zone Analog: The State–Market Problematic and Territorial Economies in China
Cartier, C. (2017) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920517712367 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Because of its GDP growth rates, up to an uncanny 58 percent per annum during 1980–1984 (Zeng, 2010: 10), Shenzhen was the zone that all others would seek to become.”
BackgroundInnovation in suburban development zones: Evidence from Nanjing, China
Li, Y.-C., & Wang, X.-P. (2018) · Growth and Change · doi:10.1111/grow.12270 · Cited by 36
Weng, L.-F., Xue, L., Sayer, J., Riggs, R. A., Langston, J. D., & Boedhihartono, A. K. (2021) · Research in Globalization · doi:10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100074 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hudalah, D., Octifanny, Y., Talitha, T., Firman, T., & Phelps, N. (2020) · Journal of planning education and research · doi:10.1177/0739456x20967405 · Cited by 35
“Megaprojects and SEZs are both often considered key tools to improve a nation’s competitiveness (Kennedy 2015; Zeng 2010).”
BackgroundTriple Helix Model and Institutional Logics in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
Liu, C., & Cai, Y. (2018) · Science and Public Policy · doi:10.1093/scipol/scx059 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cluster and co-located cluster effects: An empirical study of six Chinese city regions
Lu, R., Ruan, M.-Q., & Reve, T. (2016) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.07.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Butollo, F. (2015) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsv020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The impact of special economic zones on export behaviour: evidence from polish firm-level data:
Nazarczuk, J. M., & Umiński, S. (2018) · E+M Ekonomie a Management · doi:10.15240/tul/001/2018-3-001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…2012a; 2012b), Amirahmadi and Wu (1995), Bräutigam and Xiaoyang (2011), Farole (2011), Farole and Akinci (2011), FIAS (2008), Ge (1999), Kumar (1989), Kundra (2000), McIntyre, Narula, and Trevino (1996), Milberg and Amengual (2008), Tantri (2011; 2012), Wong and Chu (1984), Zeng (2010; 2011; 2014).”
Mendoza, O. M. V. (2016) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.07.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Astuti, E., Utari, K., & Wahyuni, S. (2013) · doi:10.22146/jieb.6218 · Cited by 30
Fuller, B., & Romer, P. (2013) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6874 · Cited by 29
The rationale of special economic zones (SEZs): An Institutional approach
Hazakis, K. J. (2014) · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12030 · Cited by 27
Ozawa, T., & Bellak, C. (2011) · Global economy journal · doi:10.2202/1524-5861.1764 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, Y.-C., Zhang, X., Phelps, N., & Tu, M. (2022) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2022.2129867 · Cited by 18
“Cases show that capital, production, knowledge, and import-export links of industry enclaves can deeply a ff ect the economic performance of cities (Chen, 1995; Chen et al., 1995; Zeng, 2010; Zhang & Wu, 2016).”
BackgroundChina’s Rise and Opportunity for Structural Transformation in Africa
Lin, J. (2018) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/ejy012 · Cited by 18
Industrial Policy in China: The Planned Growth of Specialised Towns in Guangdong Province
Barbieri, E., Tommaso, M. D. D., Pollio, C., & Rubini, L. (2019) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsz012 · Cited by 17
Globalization against Democracy: A Political Economy of Capitalism after its Global Triumph
Wu, G.-G. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781108116077 · Cited by 16
Zeng, D. (2016) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7570 · Cited by 15
Self-citationProgreso económico y social en las redes productivas mundiales. Nuevo paradigma
Barrientos, S., Gereffi, G., & Rossi, A. (2011) · Revista Internacional del Trabajo · doi:10.1111/j.1564-9148.2011.00120.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Models of Economic Development
Bijaoui, I. (2014) · doi:10.1057/9781137342126_4 · Cited by 14
Small business in Russia: institutions, market potential, taxes and digitalization
Земцов, С. П., Tsareva, Y., Баринова, В. А., Belitski, M., & Krasnoselskikh, A. (2022) · Post-Communist Economies · doi:10.1080/14631377.2022.2108244 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
State restructuring and subnational innovation spaces across Chinese prefectures
Prodi, G., Nicolli, F., & Frattini, F. (2017) · doi:10.1177/0263774x16664519 · Cited by 11
Mendoza, O. M. V. (2014) · doi:10.1142/s1793969014500125 · Cited by 11
Nouveau paradigme du progrès économique et social dans les réseaux de production mondiaux
Barrientos, S., Gereffi, G., & Rossi, A. (2011) · Revue internationale du Travail · doi:10.1111/j.1564-9121.2011.00120.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Impact of Special Economic Zones
Mugano, G. (2021) · Special Economic Zones · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82311-5_6 · Cited by 11
Will manufacturing investors go to border zones? The case of central Thailand
Bui, M., & Preechametta, A. (2019) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-10-2018-0567 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pham, D., Mishra, D., Cheong, K., Arnold, J., Trinh, A., Ngo, H., & Nguyen, H. (2013) · doi:10.1596/16786 · Cited by 10
Nazarczuk, J. M., & Kisiel, R. (2013) · Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Zarządzanie/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Ekonomia/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Zarządzanie/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Ekonomia · doi:10.12775/aunc_ekon.v44i1.2174 · Cited by 10
“Do korzyści z funkcjonowania stref można m.in. zaliczyć napływ BIZ (Kisiel, Lizińska, 2011, s. 110), wzrost eksportu, transfer technologii, wzrost efektywności przedsiębiorstw krajowych, podnoszenie umiejętności pracowników (Zeng, 2010, s. 4).”
Regimes of Resonance: Cosmos, Empire, and Changing Technologies of CCP Rule
Shue, V. (2022) · Modern China · doi:10.1177/00977004211068055 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Quantifying predictors for the spatial diffusion of avian influenza virus in China
Lu, L., Brown, A. L., & Lycett, S. (2017) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“transportation, and are interconnected by highways and railways [53].”
Arrfat, Y. (2019) · China's Belt and Road Initiative in a Global Context · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18959-4_9 · Cited by 8
Economies in Transition: Revisiting Challenges to Quality of Life
Estes, R. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2421-1_20 · Cited by 8
Polyák, P. (2026) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.11267 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…South Korea’s Masan zone in the late 60s, and China’s national SEZs shaping its economic opening from 1980—are often credited with driving structural transformation and catch‐up growth, largely due to their integration within coherent developmental strategies (Farole & Akinci, 2011; Zeng, 2010).”
Huang, D.-C., Neequaye, E. N., Banahene, J., Vu, V. T. T., & Fynn, S. (2018) · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2018.64066 · Cited by 7
“According to literature, the main implementation objective(s) of free zones is to serve at least one of the following four policy objectives; 1) foreign direct investment attraction to the country, export promotion and ultimately industrialization; 2) to serve as a “pressure valve” for large scale unemployment allevia…”
BackgroundInfluentialSpecial economic zones and innovation in developing and emerging economies: A cross-country analysis
Alsharif, A. A., & Brenner, T. (2026) · Journal of evolutionary economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-026-00949-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gómez-Zaldívar, F., & Molina-Pérez, E. (2020) · doi:10.1080/08853908.2020.1851328 · Cited by 6
An Analysis of the Evolution of Sino-Egyptian Economic Relations
Gadallah, Y. (2016) · doi:10.1057/9781137539793_7 · Cited by 6
Karim, S., Xiang, K., & Hameed, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310488 · Cited by 5
Chen, A. L. Q., & Jensen, F. (2023) · Eurasian geography and economics · doi:10.1080/15387216.2023.2292222 · Cited by 5
Special economic zones: world practice, experience and alternative concept for Ukraine
Pidorycheva, I. (2020) · Economy of Industry · doi:10.15407/econindustry2020.01.005 · Cited by 5
Changing spatial concentrations of sectorial employment in China's Pearl River Delta
Cheng, F.-F., Boerboom, L., Geertman, S., & Hooimeijer, P. (2013) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00741.x · Cited by 5
Adu-Gyamfi, R., Asongu, S., Mmusi, T., Wamalwa, H., & Mangori, M. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3606931 · Cited by 5
“…EPZs in sustainable development, notably in generating inflows of investment (Darley 2012; Graham 2014), employment opportunities (Ciżkowicz et al. 2017; Newman and Page 2017), industrial production boost, and export-driven economic development (Farole 2011; Johansson and Nilsson 1997; Zeng 2010).”
BackgroundRe-thinking the Approach to Informal Businesses: Typologies, Evidence and Future Exploration
Nielsen, W., Marusic, A., Ghossein, T., & Solf, S. (2020) · doi:10.1596/34814 · Cited by 4
Trading with the enemy? The futility of US commercial countermeasures against the Chinese challenge
Kim, D. J. (2017) · The Pacific Review · doi:10.1080/09512748.2016.1249907 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kahuthia, J., & Karanja, W. (2025) · African multidisciplinary journal of research · doi:10.71064/spu.amjr.10.1.2025.393 · Cited by 3
Buaban, S., Nitivattananon, V., Shrestha, S., & Szabo, S. (2021) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.18280/ijsdp.160814 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Environmental and resource constraints pose challenges for many SEZs [4], and sustainability issues resulting from socio-economic activities in SEZ development are made more complex because of the impacts of climate change.”
Sino-substitution: Chinese foreign direct investment in Zambia
Barton, S. (2014) · doi:10.1108/jcefts-08-2013-0025 · Cited by 3
Special Economic Zones: Boosting Nigerian Exports - A Focus on the Manufacturing Sector
Abiola, O. (2024) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4735347 · Cited by 3
Halik, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies · doi:10.53088/jerps.v5i1.1515 · Cited by 2
“Studi Lu (2011) mengenai KEK di Tiongkok mengungkapkan bahwa keberhasilan kawasan ekonomi khusus sangat bergantung pada integrasi vertikal sektor industri dan penguatan rantai pasok lokal.”
Maganga, J. M., Jia, X.-P., & Ndoutoumou, P. N. (2025) · Regional Science and Environmental Economics · doi:10.3390/rsee2010006 · Cited by 2
“The SEZs of Kigali (Rwanda) integrate principles of sustainability and inclusive development ((Farole, T., & Akinci, G., 2011) [16], Zeng, D. Z. (2016) [29]).”
Brake Segment for Agglomeration Policy: Engineers as Human Capital
Kuchiki, A. (2024) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies12070163 · Cited by 2
Ruocco, I. D. (2023) · Highlights of Sustainability · doi:10.54175/hsustain2040018 · Cited by 2
Meyer, D. (2021) · Forum Scientiae Oeconomia · doi:10.23762/fso_vol9_no1_1 · Cited by 2
No, S., & Kwak, J. (2018) · Issues & studies - Institute of International Relations · doi:10.1142/s1013251118500030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Participatory Democracy and Competitive Elections as the Way Forward in Xinjiang
Primiano, C. B. (2012) · doi:10.1080/13602004.2012.746178 · Cited by 2
Regulatory and Institutional Framework of Special Economic Zones
Mugano, G. (2021) · Special Economic Zones · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82311-5_3 · Cited by 2
Delegated Legislative Power of the Shenzhen SEZ
Martinek, M. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77616-3_4 · Cited by 2
Yi, Y., Wang, G., Yuan, M., Yang, H.-Y., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18042132 · Cited by 1
Makal, D., & Yüzer, M. A. (2022) · İDEALKENT · doi:10.31198/idealkent.1151878 · Cited by 1
Embeddedness and local patterns of innovation: evidence from Chinese prefectural cities
Prodi, G., Nicolli, F., & Frattini, F. (2020) · Journal of evolutionary economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-020-00667-7 · Cited by 1
Investigating the Productivity of Industrial Parks in Beijing Using Malmquist Productivity Indexes
Yang, Z.-S., & Cheng, Z. (2019) · China: An International Journal · doi:10.1353/chn.2019.0016 · Cited by 1
Albanian Model of Free Zones: Implementation and Implications
Sherifi, Ç., & Turan, G. (2018) · doi:10.5539/ijef.v10n5p57 · Cited by 1
“According to another study “a free zone can be defined as a stimulation of a domestic economy by upgrading technology and human capital” (Zeng, 2010).”
BackgroundWahyuni, S., Ekaputra, I., & Tjong, W. (2015) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2572085 · Cited by 1
“In the last ten years, several studies have shown that network structure and positions in networks influence firm performance and growth (Wahyuni, 2012) and, finally, market structure (Zeng, 2010).”
BackgroundMultinational Location Decisions and the Access to Imported Inputs
Fung, L., Liu, J.-T., & Swenson, D. L. (2014) · Japanese Economic Review · doi:10.1111/jere.12039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Qin, W.-S., & Zhang, Y.-F. (2014) · doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2014.01.009 · Cited by 1
“Later, researchers extended their work into national economic development (Jochem and Hamalainen 2004; Lu 2011; Smerichevska 2009), regional economic development (Bowen 2012; Gardiner et al.”
BackgroundLi, W.-J. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202340307033 · Cited by 1
SEZs and China's Development Promotion
Rodrigues, C., & Steenhagen, P. (2022) · Handbook of Research on Special Economic Zones as Regional Development Enablers · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7619-9.ch002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chinese Innovative Capacity—State of the Art of the Leading Edge
Enderwick, P. (2021) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69812-6_3 · Cited by 1
Chinese Experiences on Special Economic Zones
Mugano, G. (2021) · Special Economic Zones · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82311-5_10 · Cited by 1
Khaustova, V., & Ismailov, A. (2026) · Actual problems of innovative economy and law · doi:10.36887/2524-0455-2026-3-45
YENİ TİCARET YOLLARI PROJELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA: BRI, IMEC VE KALKINMA YOLU
Coşkun, A., & Çetin, G. (2026) · İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Dış Ticaret Dergisi · doi:10.62101/iticudisticaretdergisi.1838992
Decoding China’s government work report (CGWR): a natural language processing (NLP) approach
Franzosi, R., & Bian, S.-Y. (2026) · Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology · doi:10.1007/s11135-026-02604-5
BEYOND POLITICS: SOUTH EAST NIGERIA ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE PLACE OF FREE TRADE ZONES
Orji, O. (2026) · Journal of Administration and Management Sciences · doi:10.64415/jams.v1i1.33
“Zeng (2010) posits that China’s Special Economic Zones (SEZ) contributed largely to Chinese economic growth.”
Productivism: New Industrial Policy and New Thinking in Global Economic Governance
Rodrik, D. (2025) · Research in Government and Economics · doi:10.26599/rge.2025.9720105
Conceptualization of the Essence of Special Economic Zones
Karachev, I. (2025) · Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics) · doi:10.33920/vne-04-2510-03
Pengaruh Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus terhadap Investasi Asing dan Peningkatan Lapangan Kerja di Indonesia
Hasanah, T. U. (2025) · Jurnal EMT KITA · doi:10.35870/emt.v9i2.3913
- Authors
- Zeng, D. Z.
- Corresponding author
- Douglas Zhihua Zeng
- Venue
- World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks
- Publisher
- The World Bank
- Published
- 2010-08-25
- OpenAlex
- W4237504859
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.38
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Khazar University Institutional Repository (Khazar University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economic Zones and Regional Development
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
- Social Sciences › Development › Regional Development and Innovation
- Keywords
- special economic zones, industrial clusters, economic growth, economic development, gradualism, experimental approach, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Kunshan, footwear industry, textile industry, industrial policy, economic reform, competitiveness, China
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review