Cited by 278Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology StudiesReconstructive Facial Surgery TechniquesCraniofacial Disorders and Treatments

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Anthropometric growth study of the ear.

Farkas, Leslie G., Posnick, Jeffrey C., Hreczko, Tania M.·1992·The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal

DOI 10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0324_agsote_2.3.co_2

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Abstract

Age-related growth changes in the ear were analyzed by measuring the width and length of ears in 1,590 North American Caucasians between 1 year and 18 years of age. By 1 year, ear width reached 93.5% of adult size in both sexes, only 2.3 mm less than the mean value at 18 years. In contrast, ear length attained a developmental level of only 76.4% by 1 year in both sexes, requiring an increment five times greater (12.3 mm) to reach the size of the ear at 18 years of age. At 5 years, the developmental level in width (96.7%) was almost equal to that of an adult, while the length reached 86.6% in both sexes, and requires 8.2 additional millimeters to attain adult size. Annual growth increments in ear width are small, interrupted with a few periods of no growth. Ear length in males showed an early rapid growth rate (between 2 and 3 years); subsequent growth was generally limited, interrupted with short periods of no changes. The same growth pattern appeared in females. Ear width reached its mature size in males at 7 years and in females at 6 years; ear length matured in males at 13 years and in females at 12. At the time of maturation, the ear was shorter than at 18 years by a mean of 1.1 to 1.4 mm.

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Seminars in Plastic Surgery: Pediatric Ear Anomalies and Reconstruction
Burns, H. R., Dinis, J., Ding, Y., & Buchanan, E. P. (2023) · Seminars in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1775888 · Cited by 4
“2,12 In order to reduce morbidity to the growing ear, otoplasty is usually not performed until age 6.”
Age- and Sex-Related Development of the Normal Human Ear in a Child Population
Xu, C.-Y., & Liu, L. (2020) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000006587 · Cited by 4
Aerospace and Ergonomic Methods for Ear Anthropometry Supported by Bulgarian Research
Roebuck, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181319631232 · Cited by 4
Growth of ears reconstructed from autologous rib cartilage
Roos, E., Wikström, S., & Öberg, M. (2015) · European journal of plastic surgery · doi:10.1007/s00238-015-1113-2 · Cited by 4
Age-Stratified Classification of Common Middle Ear Pathologies Using Pressure-Less Acoustic Immittance (PLAI™) and Machine Learning
Miladinović, A., Bassi, F., Ajčević, M., & Accardo, A. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13151921 · Cited by 3
“Motivated by the known developmental changes in the auditory system during infancy and childhood [34,35], we hypothesized that age-related physiological differences significantly influence tympanometric measurements, thus impacting classification accuracy when predicting pathologies such as otitis…”
Age and Gender Related Variability in the Strength of Auricular Cartilage in Living Humans
Buyuklu, F., Cakmak, M. P., Cakmak, B., Durukan, E., & Hızal, E. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-024-04481-5 · Cited by 3
The non-operative correction of ear anomalies in infants using the EarWell infant corrective system in the Netherlands.
van Cruchten, C., Feijen, M., Lazaâr, S., Piatkowski, A., & van der Hulst, R. R. W. J. (2024) · Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2024.03.002 · Cited by 3
Anthropometric Study of External Ear: A Comparative Study
Prasad, R. J., Shakya, A., Acharya, A., & Neupane, G. (2022) · Med Phoenix · doi:10.3126/medphoenix.v7i1.43195 · Cited by 3
Revisiting Primary Otoplasty: Surgical Approach to the Prominent Ear
Savetsky, I., Cohen, J. M., Avashia, Y. J., & Byrd, H. (2021) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000008105 · Cited by 3
Prominent Ear Correction Using Full-Thickness Cartilage Strip
Elmelegy, N. (2021) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000002899 · Cited by 3
A Comparison of Traditional and 3D Scanning Measurement in Ear Anthropometry
Fu, F., Luximon, A., & Luximon, Y. (2019) · International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20142-5_42 · Cited by 3
New methods for specialized subjective and high-precision objective evaluation of constricted ears
Wang, D., Pan, B., Lin, L., Yang, Q.-H., He, L., Song, Y.-P., Zhou, J., & Jiang, H.-Y. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012997 · Cited by 3
“Previous research has shown that ear size fully matures after 12 years of age.([12]) As most patients included were between 1 and 2 years old and could undergo tumbling CF, one of the surgical aimswas to relieve the restriction due to the folding of the helix and other part of the ear.”
Esthetic Correction of Lying Ears With Hyaluronic Acid Filler.
Wong, I. K. J., Kim, J.-H., Rosellini, I., Song, J., Lee, H. E., & Yi, K.-H. (2025) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000011924 · Cited by 2
Reducing Surgical Risks for Otoplasty.
Hoshal, S. G., Morisada, M., & Tollefson, T. (2023) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2023.01.011 · Cited by 2
Mean Auricular Index of the External Ear in Medical Students of a Medical College in Nepal
Pandey, N., Kc, S., & Sintakala, C. (2019) · JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.4636 · Cited by 2
A comparison of digital morphometry and clinical measurements of ears
Öberg, M., Svensson, H., Björk, C., Flodin, J., & Wikström, S. (2013) · Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery · doi:10.3109/2000656x.2013.766886 · Cited by 2
Maxillofacial prosthetic management of an auricular defect for a young patient with hemifacial microsomia: a clinical report.
Lim, S., Tong, J., & Cheng, A. C. (2011) · Singapore Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/s0377-5291(12)70014-7 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of Techniques and Outcomes in Pediatric Partial Ear Reconstruction: A 15-Year Experience
Meghnagi, M., Low, D. W., Bartlett, S. P., & Ligh, C. A. (2026) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000004653 · Cited by 1
Ear Size and Position Variations Rated by Casual Observers on Artificial Intelligence-Generated Models
Kokesh, K. C., Sie, K. C. Y., Bly, R. A., Bhrany, A. D., Modi, R. N., Wang, X., Nyman, A., & Lu, G. (2026) · Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · doi:10.1177/26893614251407676 · Cited by 1
“19 Our study suggests that surgeons performing microtia repair should heavily consider the estimated ﬁ nal size of the contralateral ear to minimize eventual size asymmetry.”
Question mark ear deformity: a case study and surgical technique
Jadeedi, S. A., Alawi, K. A., & Al-busaidi, S. (2024) · Archives of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.14730/aaps.2024.01095 · Cited by 1
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Background
Ethical Considerations in Pediatric External Ear Surgery
Al-Halabi, B., Alabdulkarim, A., & Cugno, S. (2023) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/22925503231213868 · Cited by 1
“30,31 Research indicates that when using the patient ’ s own cartilage, the reconstructed ear tends to grow at a similar rate as the unaffected ear.”
Ear Recognition for Young Children
Ntshangase, S., & Mathekga, D. (2019) · International Multidisciplinary Information Technology and Engineering Conference (IMITEC) · doi:10.1109/imitec45504.2019.9015852 · Cited by 1
“It scores high for permanence because once it is formed, according to the literature its shape does not significantly change [14].”
Background
The auricular differences with advancement in age and darwinian tubercle in Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups in Nigerian
Paul, J., Edibamode, E. E. I., Hart, J., & Okere, A. U. (2019) · Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.15406/jhaas.2019.04.00179 · Cited by 1
Morphometric Measurements of Human External Ear in student Population
Krishna.BR, V. (2018) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v6i6.178 · Cited by 1
High-Performance Macrotia Surgery
Assis, M. S., Rosas, G., & Miranda, L. S. (2022) · Modern Plastic Surgery · doi:10.4236/mps.2022.124006 · Cited by 1
The Aging Face
Niamtu, J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-61346-0.00002-4 · Cited by 7
Otoplasty Surgical Techniques and Clinical Outcomes: A Practical Review
Kaleeny, J. D., & Janis, J. E. (2026) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007404
Non-Surgical Ear Rejuvenation Through Selective Neuromodulation with Onabotulinum and Abobotulinum Toxin-A
Russo, P., Sbarbati, A., Bartoletti, E., Cavalieri, L., Cavallini, M., Pinto, V., Salti, G., & Veronese, S. (2026) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins18090366
“Ears are part of the face and, like other facial parts, can present imperfections related to muscle hypertonicity, skin sagging, or congenital conditions [1–3].”
What do normal ears look like? Ear meta- and empirical analyses of sexual dimorphism & bilateral symmetry
Carufel, R., Choi-Rokas, H. E., Kim, H., Yao, J., Li, P., Newby, N., & Mitchell, K. (2026) · Human-Intelligent Systems Integration · doi:10.1007/s42454-026-00099-x
The ideal auricular size: A perceptual analysis.
Gaus, S., Poser, K. E. A., Poser, M., Pankow, T., Werle, S., Kloss-Brandstätter, A., Fichter, A., & Pausch, N. C. (2026) · Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104561
Novel 3D-printed aids for total ear reconstruction
Schoenfeld, L., Ad-El, D. D., Hayun, Y., Meshulam-Derazon, S., Shilo-Yaacobi, D., Kershenovich, A., & Olshinka, A. (2025) · 3D Printing in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s41205-025-00310-w
“To account for future growth, we apply age and sex specific anthropometric scaling based on normative ear growth data [13].”
A Morphometric Analysis of the Ear, Nose, and 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Individuals With Down Syndrome.
Coşar, Z., Çiçekcibaşı, A., & Açar, G. (2025) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000012128
Exploring bilateral asymmetry in human ear morphology for forensic identification: a statistical approach
Yadav, M. M., Bhardwaj, N., Harshey, A., Kumar, A., & Yadav, V. K. (2025) · Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1186/s41935-025-00490-w
Proportional Ear Reduction: The Rule of Threes
Seyhan, A. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-024-04611-z
A Pilot Study of the Anthropometric Growth Pattern of the Human Auricle of the North Indian Region
Husain, P., Ahmed, S., Saxena, S., Husain, B., Jain, A., & Madhwacharya, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.76085
Anthropometric Study of Auricular Development in Human Fetal Cadavers
Elvan, Ö., Örs, A. B., & Gilan, V. B. (2024) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000010917
“17 Kalcioglu et al 14 conducted a growth study on normal human auricles from healthy preterm (between 28 and 37 wk) and term newborns (between 38 and 42 wk), providing baseline data for auricular dimensions.”
Auricular anthropometric growth study in individuals with trisomy 21
Yilmaz, U., Mutlu, A., Hanege, F. M., Yilmaz, B., & Kalcioglu, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2022.01.042 · Cited by 1
Comparative Assessment of Auricular Measurements in Young Males and Females
Kent, E., Emirzeoğlu, M., Altunsoy, E., Özel, M., & Uzun, A. (2021) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022021000300742
“The landmarks which are previously determined in the literature were used (Farkas et al., 1992; Azaria et al., 2003; Ahmed & Omer) (Table I).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Otoplasty
Joshi, N. S., Won, B., Jongbloed, W., & Castiglione, C. (2020) · Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57931-9_21

Authors: Farkas, L. G., Posnick, J. C., & Hreczko, T. M.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Alberta Children's Hospital (CA)
ORCID: Posnick, Jeffrey C.
Venue: The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1992-07
Volume: 29
Issue: 4
Pages: 324-329
ISSN: 1055-6656 (ISSN-L)
1545-1569
DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0324_agsote_2.3.co_2
OpenAlex: W1996542843
Cited by: 278
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 16.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
Keywords: ear growth, anthropometry, ear width, ear length, age-related growth, sexual dimorphism, maturation, children and adolescents
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Aging, Anthropometry, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ear, External, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maxillofacial Development, Sex Factors

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