Cited by 230Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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The Amygdala: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Steroids, and Stress

Gray, Thackery S., Bingaman, Elena W.·1996·Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology

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Abstract

The possible function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), adrenal steroids, and gonadal steroids in amygdala-mediated responses to anxiogenic or stressful stimuli is reviewed. The amygdala is part of an endogenous CRF circuitry within the brain that mediates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral changes in response to stress. The amygdala contains CRF-expressing neurons that communicate with widespread regions of the neural axis. High densities of CRF, CRF-binding protein, and CRF receptors are located in the amygdala. Direct injections of CRF into the amygdala produce anxiety-like behaviors. Release of endogenous CRF can be measured in the amygdala during stress. Potent anxiolytic actions are observed when CRF receptor antagonists are administered into the amygdala. CRF-containing neurons of the amygdala can be directly modulated by alterations in circulating glucocorticoids through glucocorticoid receptors, which are expressed in amygdaloid CRF-containing neurons. Gonadal steroid hormone receptors are found in the amygdala. They are not located in CRF immunoreactive neurons, but they are located adjacent to CRF-expressing neurons and in amygdaloid neurons that are likely to participate in central autonomic and neuroendocrine circuitry. Differences are noted between the steroid influences in the amygdala of male and female animals. Also, evidence is reviewed suggesting a modulatory role in the amygdala for gonadal and adrenal steroids in behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to anxiogenic stimuli.

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Authors: Gray, T. S., & Bingaman, E. W.
Affiliations: Loyola University Medical Center (US)
Venue: Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology
Publisher: Begell House
Published: 1996
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 155-168
ISSN: 0892-0915 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v10.i2.10
OpenAlex: W2008776698
Cited by: 230
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 3.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Critical Reviews in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ns020041-09)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS20041)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: amygdala, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, adrenal steroids, sex steroids, stress response, anxiety, CRF receptors, CRF-binding protein, glucocorticoid receptor, sex differences, autonomic responses
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Humans, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Physiological

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The Amygdala: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Steroids, and Stress

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