The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Amygdala: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Steroids, and Stress
Abstract
The possible function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), adrenal steroids, and gonadal steroids in amygdala-mediated responses to anxiogenic or stressful stimuli is reviewed. The amygdala is part of an endogenous CRF circuitry within the brain that mediates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral changes in response to stress. The amygdala contains CRF-expressing neurons that communicate with widespread regions of the neural axis. High densities of CRF, CRF-binding protein, and CRF receptors are located in the amygdala. Direct injections of CRF into the amygdala produce anxiety-like behaviors. Release of endogenous CRF can be measured in the amygdala during stress. Potent anxiolytic actions are observed when CRF receptor antagonists are administered into the amygdala. CRF-containing neurons of the amygdala can be directly modulated by alterations in circulating glucocorticoids through glucocorticoid receptors, which are expressed in amygdaloid CRF-containing neurons. Gonadal steroid hormone receptors are found in the amygdala. They are not located in CRF immunoreactive neurons, but they are located adjacent to CRF-expressing neurons and in amygdaloid neurons that are likely to participate in central autonomic and neuroendocrine circuitry. Differences are noted between the steroid influences in the amygdala of male and female animals. Also, evidence is reviewed suggesting a modulatory role in the amygdala for gonadal and adrenal steroids in behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to anxiogenic stimuli.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The CEA is rich in stress hormones and their receptors,98, 99, 100, 101 and contributes to processing of stress signals.102, 103, 104”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [99]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–230 of 230
Wu, S., Hu, H., Li, Y., & Ren, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1323527 · Cited by 3
Kayedi-Bakhtiari, N., & Vatanparast, J. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115714 · Cited by 2
EFFECTS OF ACUTE PERIODS OF PRENATAL STRESS ON BEHAVIOUR AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Kapoor, A. (2008) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
Meaney, M. J., Liebowitz, M. R., & Leonardo, E. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_84-1 · Cited by 2
Maternal programming of defensive responses through sustained effects on gene expression
Diorio, J. C., & Meaney, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0728 · Cited by 2
Meaney, M. J., Weaver, I. C. G., Wu, T., Hellstrom, I., Diorio, J. C., & Szyf, M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_15 · Cited by 1
The influence of early-life and adulthood stressors on brain neuropeptide-S system
Bülbül, M., & Sinen, O. (2021) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2021.102223 · Cited by 1
Kusnecov, A. W., Rossi‐George, A., & Siegel, S. D. (2001) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(01)80031-4 · Cited by 1
Interactions between acute stress and financial decision-making
Porcelli, A. J. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3q240g3 · Cited by 1
Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
Meaney, M. J., Liebowitz, M. R., & Leonardo, E. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_84 · Cited by 1
The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Weisinger, H. S., Begg, D. P., Sinclair, A. J., Jois, M., Stahl, L., & Weisinger, R. S. (2007) · Food science and technology · doi:10.1201/9781420006902.ch35
The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Body Fluid and Energy Homeostasis
Weisinger, R. S., Armitage, J. A., Burns, P. L., Sinclair, A. J., Vingrys, A. J., & Weisinger, H. S. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-119-0_22
The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in REM sleep regulation
Curzi, M. L. (2014) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.16572
MODULATION OF LOCUS COERULEAR NEURONAL ACTIVITY BY THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA
Ramsooksingh, M. D. (2008) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Interparental conflict and neural functioning in infancy: An fMRI study
Graham, A. M. (2014) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
Quigg, M. (2010) · Epilepsy · doi:10.1201/9781420085594-c29
Costa, A. (2020) · Premio Tesi dottorato/Premio Tesi di dottorato · doi:10.36253/978-88-6453-995-9
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Brain function
Chen, P. J., & Yan, Z. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-30395-2_26
Sandi, C. (2014) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.718297966.793492714
Neuronal circuits of stress and their dynamic interactions: a biopsychological framework
Integrative Neuroscience Initiative, M., Cacha, L. A., & Poznanski, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Multiscale Neuroscience · doi:10.56280/1531631243
A influência tardia do estresse agudo único na extinção da memória emocional em ratos Wistar.
Perfetto, J. G. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2022.tde-08082023-090725
Lee, H. E., Youk, S., Lee, Y. E., Malik, M., & Weber, R. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/68586
Lullau, A. P. M., & Haga, E. M. W. (2025) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4603-8_3
BindingDB (2012) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2mp51vm
Bayraktar (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000508)420:3
Metadata
- Authors
- Gray, T. S., & Bingaman, E. W.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Begell House
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-168
- ISSN
- 0892-0915 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008776698
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns020041-09)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS20041)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amygdala, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, adrenal steroids, sex steroids, stress response, anxiety, CRF receptors, CRF-binding protein, glucocorticoid receptor, sex differences, autonomic responses
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Humans, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
