Angels Associated with Israel in the Dead Sea Scrolls

May combine two claims.

The sectarian texts evince the belief that the angels associated with Israel had a unique connection to the sectarians, who had effectively usurped for themselves the privileges that were formerly those of the entire nation.

“with these texts evincing the belief that the angels associated with Israel had a unique connection to the sectarians, who had effectively usurped for themselves the privileges that were formerly those of the entire nation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Qumran sectarian texts boast that community membership included fellowship with the angels.

“A well-known characteristic of the Qumran sectarian texts is the boast that community membership included fellowship with the angels”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Scholars are in general agreement that some of the Qumran texts were written by the group referred to as the Yahad in the Scrolls themselves.

“But the lack of consensus on these issues should not obscure the fact that scholars are in general agreement that some of the Qumran texts were written by the group referred to as the Yahad in the Scrolls themselves.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The sectarian texts make assertions vis-à-vis the claims found in other Second Temple Period literature.

“That the sectarian texts make assertions -even in works or passages that are not overtly polemical 103 -vis-à-vis the claims found in other Second Temple Period literature is a valuable insight that will inform the present study.”

• cites [103]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The non-sectarian compositions imply definitions of Israel that are either quite generous or more stringent but paradoxically tempered by universalistic sentiments.

“an interesting facet of these works is that they imply definitions of Israel that are either quite generous or more stringent but paradoxically tempered by universalistic sentiments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Judg 5:19-22 may envision a cosmic dimension to Israel's battles in which the stars-Yahweh's foot soldiers-fight against the Canaanite enemy.

“Judg 5:19-22 may envision a cosmic dimension to Israel's battles in which the stars -Yahweh's foot soldiers -fight against the Canaanite enemy.”

• cites Niditch, Judges, 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The overwhelming picture of the pre-Danielic books of the Hebrew Bible-and likely even Josh 5:11-13-is that the God of Israel himself is a warrior, who as Yahweh of hosts has a direct or 'hands-on' leadership role in Israel's conflicts, despite not fighting alone.

“But the overwhelming picture of the pre-Danielic books of the Hebrew Bible -and the picture likely operative even in Josh 5:11-13 -is that the God of Israel himself is a warrior, who, as twø aD bV x hD wh◊ y, has a direct or “hands-on” leadership role in Israel's conflicts, despite the fact that he does not fight alone”

• cites Miller, The Divine Warrior, 64-165Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Psalm 82, Yahweh stands in the assembly of El/in the midst of the gods in order to judge the immorality of the assembly members.

“who stands 74 in the “assembly of El/in the midst of the gods” in order to judge the immorality of the assembly members”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Chapters 2-7 of Daniel have a concentric literary structure, including the corresponding four-kingdom schemas of chapters 2 and 7.

“Second, it is clear that chapters 2-7 have a concentric literary structure, including the corresponding four-kingdom schemas of chapters 2 and 7.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Psalm 82 posits an analogous relationship between the gods and human beings.

“Ps 82 posits an analogous relationship between the gods and human beings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The severity of the situation in Dan 7-12 is highlighted by descriptions of the oppression of the angelic host, who are defended by their leader, Michael.

“The severity of the situation is highlighted by descriptions of the oppression of the angelic host, who are defended by their leader, Michael.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Psalm 82 declares Yahweh's universal reign.

“Ps 82 declares Yahweh's universal reign.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Psalm 82:8, the God of Israel is implored to judge the earth, meaning God will act as the one who holds power in the world and can govern it as it needs.

“God will act as the one who holds power in the world and can govern it in the way it needs.”

• cites Goldingay, Psalms, 2:568Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Isaiah 24:21 envisions an eschatological battle in which Yahweh will decisively contend with the forces of evil.

“Isa 24:21 envisions an eschatological battle in which Yahweh will decisively contend with the forces of evil.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yahweh is depicted in Psalm 82 as having exclusive divine competency.

“Yahweh is depicted as having “exclusive divine competency.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Daniel 7-12 as a unit reveal the centrality of angels associated with Israel in the mind of its composer and/or editor.

“Indeed, chapters 7-12 as a unit reveal the centrality of angels associated with Israel in the mind of its composer and/or editor”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Psalm 82:6-7 declares that the gods are corrupt and that these sons of Elyon will die like humans for their injustice.

“Ps 82:6-7 declares that the “gods” are corrupt, and that these “sons of Elyon” will die like humans for their injustice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The taunt of the Rabshekeh presupposes that the successes and failures of the national deities have consequences for the nations themselves.

“the taunt of the Rabshekeh presupposes that the successes and failures of the national deities have consequences for the nations themselves.”

May combine two claims.

Psalm 82 refers to the gods as sons of Elyon and states that all nations belong to the God of Israel.

“Ps 82 refers to the gods as “sons of Elyon” (cf.Deut 32:8 where Yahweh is referred to as “Elyon”) and states that all nations “belong” (ljn) to the God of Israel”

May combine two claims.

The explicit ontological and moral judgments of the gods of the nations are not present in the Song of Moses but are unambiguously articulated in Psalm 82.

“the explicit ontological and moral judgments of the gods of the nations, which are not present in the Song of Moses but unambiguously articulated in Ps 82.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Angelic guardians associated with Israel are central to the worldview of Dan 7-12.

“Angelic guardians 3 associated with Israel are central to the worldview of Dan 7-12”

May combine two claims.

There is no mention of cultic activity in heaven in the Hebrew Bible, nor are angels ever specifically called priests (MyI nS hO ; kA h).

“there is no mention of cultic activity in heaven nor are angels ever specifically called priests (MyI nS hO ; kA h).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Isaiah 24:21-23 leaves no doubt that its post-exilic author considered the gods of the nations and their corresponding human devotees to be hostile to Yahweh, both of whom would be punished for their insubordination at the eschaton.

“Isa 24:21-23 leaves no doubt that its post-exilic author considered the gods of the nations and their corresponding human devotees to be hostile to Yahweh both of whom would be punished for their insubordination at the eschaton.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Isaiah 24:21, the conflict will not be fought on the earthly battlefield alone but simultaneously in the heaven/height against the host.

“this conflict will not be fought on the earthly battlefield alone but simultaneously “in the heaven/height” against “the host.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Psalm 82, the gods have favoured the wicked, and the poor are oppressed as a result.

“However, the gods have favoured the MyI oD v√ r, and the poor are oppressed as a result.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A hallmark of Psalm 82 is the explicit denunciation of the gods in verse 7 for their immorality.

“a hallmark of Ps 82 is the explicit denunciation of the gods in verse 7 for their immorality.”

May combine two claims.

Ps 82, 2 Kgs 18:32b-35/Isa 36:18-20, and Isa 24:21-23 portray the gods of the nations as unjust and insubordinate to Yahweh, and they will be punished for their actions.

“Ps 82, 2 Kgs 18:32b-35/Isa 36:18-20, and Isa 24:21-23 address this in an explicit manner: here, these gods are portrayed as unjust and insubordinate to Yahweh, and they will be punished for their actions”

May combine two claims.

Most LXX witnesses of Deut 32:8-9 have ἀγγέλων θεοῦ for Myhla ynb, a translation likely intended to explain these heavenly beings according to late Second Temple Period monotheistic sensibilities.

“most LXX witnesses of Deut 32:8-9 have ἀγγέλων θεοῦ for Myhla ynb (cf.Job 1:6; 2:1), a translation that was likely an attempt to explain these heavenly beings according to late Second Temple Period monotheistic sensibilities”

• cites Job 1:6; 2:1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Dan 7-12 reveal that the persecutions of the Jews at the hands of Antiochus IV Epiphanes are only part of a larger reality: the evil on earth is parallel to a battle in heaven, with the outcome of the earthly conflict determined by events in the heavenly realm.

“as these chapters reveal that the persecutions of the Jews at the hands of Antiochus IV Epiphanes are only part of a larger reality: the evil that is transpiring on earth is parallel to a battle in heaven, with the outcome of the earthly conflict determined by events in the heavenly realm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The gods of Psalm 82 are judged for being unjust (vv. 6-7).

“But the gods of Ps 82 are also judged for being unjust (vv.6-7).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A number of features bind Daniel 7 to chapters 8-12, including a first-person perspective, a new chronological sequence, and shared themes within an apocalyptic framework.

“Moreover, while it is true that chapter 7 forms a concentric pattern with chapters 2-6, a number of features bind chapter 7 to chapters 8-12, including a first-person perspective, a new chronological sequence, and perhaps most significantly, shared themes within an apocalyptic framework.”

May combine two claims.

Deut 32:8-9 (cf. 4:19; 29:25-26) portrays the gods of the nations as ontologically distinct from and inferior to Yahweh but relatively neutral morally.

“Deut 32:8-9 (cf.4:19; 29:25-26) portrays the gods of the nations as ontologically distinct from and inferior to Yahweh but in a relatively neutral light, morally speaking”

May combine two claims.

The fire//ten thousands are apparently not in closest proximity to the divine throne, but they are nevertheless said to stand before God.

“Furthermore, the fire//ten thousands are apparently not in closest proximity to the divine throne, but they are nevertheless said to stand before God”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The final vision of Daniel encompasses chapters 10-12 and is comprised of an initial vision (10:1-11:1), an angel-mediated audition or discourse containing an ex eventu prophecy of the history of the 4th-2nd cent. BCE (11:2-12:4), and an epilogue (12:5-13).

“The final vision of the Book of Daniel encompasses chapters 10-12 and is comprised of an initial vision (10:1-11:1), which serves as an introduction for an angel-mediated audition or discourse containing an ex eventu prophecy of the history of the 4 th -2 nd cent.BCE (11:2-12:4); an epilogue (12:5-13) follows this discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the context of the apostasy of the pre-exilic monarchy, God charges the shepherds with bleak instructions to pasture the sheep and destroy those he commands.

“In the context of the apostasy of the pre-exilic monarchy, God charges the shepherds with the following bleak instructions:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three of the archangels transport or translate Enoch to an elevated location so he can best view what is going to transpire on Earth, and from this vantage point Enoch witnesses the remaining four archangels act as agents of judgment against the fallen watchers and the giant offspring fathered by them (87:1-88:3).

“three of the archangels transport or translate Enoch to an elevated location so he can best view what is going to transpire on Earth, and from this vantage point Enoch witnesses the remaining four archangels act as agents of judgment against the fallen watchers and the giant offspring fathered by them (87:1-88:3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The same verse declares that the plant will become a blessing (cf. Gen 12:1-3), which seems to be related to the markedly non-exclusivist statement that all the sons of men will become righteous and that all the people will worship God (10:21).

“The same verse declares that the plant”

• cites Gen 12:1-3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After AA relays its own account of the fall of the angelic rebels (86:1-6), Enoch sees seven, white-clad figures who have the appearance of men (87:1-4).

“After AA relays its own account of the fall of the angelic rebels (86:1-6), 208 Enoch sees seven, white-clad figures who have the appearance of men (87:1-4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The violence imposed by the seventy shepherds is great, and their rules are divided respectively into four reigns of 12, 23, 23, and 12 shepherds, which correspond approximately to the Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid periods.

“The violence imposed by the seventy shepherds is great, and their rules are divided respectively into four reigns of 12, 23, 23, and 12 shepherds, which correspond approximately to the Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid periods;foot_28”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Key references to nationally associated angels are found in relation to the dominant concept of the work: that God has utilized seventy shepherds to rule successively over the sheep, that is, Israel.

“Key references to nationally associated angels are found in relation to the dominant concept of the work noted above: that God has utilized seventy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AA is a retelling of Israelite/Jewish history in which time is divided into three distinct eras: the remote past (85:3-89:9), the present (89:9-90:27), and the ideal future (90:28-38).

“AA is a retelling of Israelite/Jewish history in which time is divided into three distinct eras: the”

May combine two claims.

There are no explicit terminological indications that an exclusivist identity is at work in BW, and even if the myth of the watchers reflects a priestly dispute among Second Temple Period Jews, the party lines are not clearly drawn.

“exclusivist identity is at work in BW, and even if the myth of the watchers reflects a priestly dispute among Second Temple Period Jews, it is true that the”

• cites Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination, 72Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Book of Dreams has two major parts, both of which describe Enoch as conveying the content of supernatural revelations to his son, Methusaleh.

“The section of 1 Enoch known as the Book of Dreams has two major parts, both of which describe Enoch as conveying the content of supernatural revelations to his son, Methusaleh.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The most distinctive feature of AA is its allegorical representation of humans as animals; the allegory also includes the presentation of angels as humans.

“The most distinctive feature of AA, however, is its allegorical representation of humans as animals, 200 hence the title given to the text by scholars; the allegory also includes the presentation of angels as humans.201”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rather than depicting Enoch as ascending to the divine throne, BD has the patriarch recounting two dream-visions, the second of which is relevant to this thesis.

“But rather than depicting Enoch as ascending to the divine throne, BD has the patriarch recounting two dream-visions, 197 the second of which is relevant to this thesis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Aramaic texts are non-sectarian in origin.

“The majority opinion is that the Aramaic texts are non-sectarian in origin, which is the viewpoint from which I will proceed.98”

• cites [98]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Baal's victory over Yamm and Mot are, in part, celebrations of life overcoming chaos and death, and the associations with natural forces complement and emphasize the combative nature of the deities of the second tier.

“Baal's victory over Yamm and Mot are, in part, celebrations of life overcoming chaos and death, but the associations with natural forces complement and emphasize the combative nature of the deities of this tier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Evidence for angelic priests before the late Second Temple Period is more ambiguous than for angelic guardians.

“the evidence for angelic priests before the late Second Temple Period is even more ambiguous”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ultimate authority in the pantheon belonged to El, and the decree of El is tantamount to the decree of the council.

“That ultimate authority in the pantheon belonged to El has already been highlighted, and one of the ways the Ugaritic texts emphasize El's supremacy is the nondemocratic nature of the council; that is, the decree of El is tantamount to the decree of the council.”

May combine two claims.

The discovery of the Qumran Cave 4 manuscripts has all but confirmed that the LXX was dependent on a Hebrew Vorlage similar to that of 4QDeut j and that this tradition pre-dated the tradition reflected in the MT.

“The discovery of the Qumran Cave 4 mss has all but confirmed the long-held scholarly suspicion that the LXX was dependent on a Hebrew Vorlage similar to that of 4QDeut j and that this tradition pre-dated the tradition reflected in the MT.”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The end of Deut 32:8 has well-known textual variants.

“The end of v. 8 has well-known textual variants.”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There would have been no better way for the Yahad to promote itself as the true Israel than to boast that the sect members were equal to-and even outranked-the guardians and priests of heavenly, archetypal Israel.

“there arguably would have been no better way for the Yahad to promote itself as such than to boast that the sect members were equal to -and even outranked -the guardians and priests of heavenly, archetypal Israel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nationally associated angels are related to the ANE concept of the divine council.

“nationally associated angels are related to the ANE concept of the divine council”

• cites Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew EpicNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The concept of the divine assembly in the Ugaritic texts appears to have had at least four distinct tiers, which likely mirrored similar levels of ancient society.

“In sum, the concept of the divine assembly in the Ugaritic texts appears to have had at least four distinct tiers, which likely mirrored similar levels of ancient society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Even those studies which examine aspects of angelology in the DSS have not fully explored the relationship between angels associated with Israel and the self-identity of the sectarians.

“Yet even those studies which examine aspects of angelology in the DSS have not fully explored the relationship between angels associated with Israel and the self-identity of the sectarians.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The thrust of Deut 32:8-9 is that the God of Israel assigned the subordinate beings of his assembly a guardian-like role over the other nations, but such an arrangement was not established for Israel, who is privileged to be ruled directly by Yahweh.

“the thrust of Deut 32:8-9 is understood as follows: the God of Israel assigned the subordinate beings of his assembly a guardian-like role over the other nations, but such an arrangement was not established for Israel, who is privileged to be ruled directly by Yahweh.”

• cites Rofé, Angels in the BibleNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Craigie, DeuteronomyNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mullen, Assembly of the GodsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To be a sect member-and thus on the righteous side of this divide-is, by definition, to be part of true Israel.

“Moreover, Tuschling's call to view sectarian angelic fellowship within the framework of an angel-led dualistic divide may shed light on this matter when it is remembered that to be a sect member -and thus on the righteous side of this divide -is, by definition, to be part of true Israel.”

May combine two claims.

The third tier of the divine assembly has sparse representation in the Ugaritic texts, while the fourth and lowest tier is well-represented and consists of servant gods who were often non-individuated.

“The third tier of the assembly has sparse representation in the Ugaritic texts, 21 but the fourth and lowest tier of the assembly is wellrepresented, even if this level consists of servant gods, who were often non-individuated 22 members”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The concepts of angelic guardians and priests only emerged as part of the angelological interests of the Second Temple Period.

“these concepts only emerged as part of the angelological interests of the Second Temple Period”

May combine two claims.

Angelic fellowship or communion was intimately connected to the community's priestly character, the roots of which lie in Jubilees.

“Angelic fellowship or communion was intimately connected to the community's priestly character, the roots of which lie in Jubilees (cf.Jub.31:13-17; 1QSb 3:22-4:28).110”

• cites [110]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Deut 32:8-9 asserts that Yahweh's stature and authority are incomparable, making (El) Elyon an appropriate designation for Yahweh.

“verses 8-9 assert that Yahweh's stature and authority are incomparable, making (El) Elyon an appropriate designation for Yahweh.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Angelic dualism was borrowed and developed by the sect to bolster legal, interpretive, or other arguments.

“That certain non-sectarian texts reveal such features (e.g., 4QVisions of Amram) lends credence to the possibility that angelic dualism was borrowed and developed by the sect to bolster legal, interpretive, or other arguments.”

May combine two claims.

The Book of Daniel has Michael standing at the head of the angelic host, whose struggles and victories in the heavenly realm are paralleled in the lives of God's people on earth.

“Similarly, the Book of Daniel (2 nd cent.BCE) has Michael standing at the head of the angelic host, whose struggles and victories in the heavenly realm are paralleled in the lives of God's people on earth (cf.Dan 7:13-28; 8:9-12; 10:13, 21; 12:1).”

• cites Dan 7:13-28; 8:9-12; 10:13, 21; 12:1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to Deuteronomy 32:8-9, Yahweh has assigned celestial beings a guardian-like role over other nations, but he rules Israel directly.

“Deuteronomy 32:8-9 is an obvious starting point, as according to this text Yahweh has assigned celestial beings a guardian-like role over other nations, but he rules Israel directly.”

• cites Deut 32:8-9Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The gods and goddesses of the second tier are associated with forces of nature: Yamm is the god of the sea, Mot is the god of death, and Baal is the god of the storm/rain.

“as noted above, Yamm is the god of the sea, Mot is the god of death, and Baal the god of the storm/rain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

El reigned supreme over the pantheon, but the younger gods-the sons of El-were permitted to vie with each other for rule of the cosmos.

“El reigned supreme over the pantheon, but the younger gods -the sons of El -were permitted to vie with each other for rule of the cosmos.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A particularly powerful way to label outsiders is the polemical use of shared traditions such as the scriptures.

“A particularly powerful way to label outsiders is the (polemical) use of shared traditions such as the scriptures.102”

• cites [102]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The angels associated with Israel symbolize the present ideals and anticipated destinies and fortunes of the people of God.

“The angels associated with Israel thus symbolize the present ideals and anticipated destinies and fortunes of the people of God.54”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Deities of the fourth tier served as messengers and in their superiors' retinues, military or otherwise.

“Deities of this tier served as messengers and in their superiors' retinues, military or otherwise.”

• cites [24]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Angelological studies are often broad in scope and/or give little attention to the concept of angels associated with Israel and their corresponding worldviews.

“It was noted at the outset of this section -and highlighted throughout -that angelolgical studies are often broad in scope and/or give little attention to the concept of angels associated with Israel and their corresponding worldviews.”

May combine two claims.

The highest tier of the divine assembly is El and his consort Athirat, who influenced his decisions.

“The highest tier of the assembly is that of El, and his consort, Athirat, who influenced his decisions.”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An important example of the biblical tradition's incorporation of this ANE theme is Deut 32:8-9, where members of Yahweh's council have been appointed as the heavenly beings associated with the Gentile nations.

“an important example of the biblical tradition's incorporation of this ANE theme is Deut 32:8-9, where members of Yahweh's council have been appointed as the heavenly beings associated with the Gentile nations.”

• cites Culianu, "The Angels of the Nations," 78-91Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The biblical evidence for the notion of a heavenly temple served by angelic priests who constitute the model for Israel's priesthood is even more ambiguous than that for the concept of angelic guardians of Israel.

“The biblical evidence for the notion of a heavenly temple served by angelic priests who constitute the model for Israel's priesthood is even more ambiguous than that for the concept of angelic guardians of Israel.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the Hebrew Bible prior to Daniel, the Lord serves as ruler of Israel, a role given to Michael in Daniel.

“As Collins summarizes, “In the Hebrew Bible prior to Daniel, the Lord serves as ruler of Israel, a role given to Michael [in Daniel].””

• cites Collins, Daniel, 374-375Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Isa 63:9's phrase 'angel of his presence' seems to have been the impetus for the so-named class of angels, who are later depicted as the most privileged priests of the celestial temple and as the heavenly counterparts to Israel.

“At the very least, Isa 63:9's wynp Kalm seems to have been the impetus for the so-named class of angels, who are later depicted as the most privileged priests of the celestial temple and as the heavenly counterparts to Israel”

• cites Jub 1:27, 29; 2:1, 2, 18, 30; 6:18; 15:27; 31:14; 1QH a 14:16; 1QSb 4: 25-26Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sennacherib's victorious campaign made manifest the reality that the Assyrian god was prevailing over the gods of the nations.

“This reality was made manifest in the victorious campaign of Sennacherib.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The pre-exilic, exilic, and early post-exilic Hebrew Bible passages often cited as primitive indications of the belief in a heavenly temple and priesthood are debated.

“But the pre-exilic, exilic, and early post-exilic Hebrew Bible passages often cited as primitive indications of the belief in a heavenly temple and priesthood are debated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The gods' actions and resultant punishment-death-reveal that these Myhla are inferior in every way to Yahweh.

“their actions and resultant punishment -death -reveal that these MyI hø l∫ a are inferior in every way to Yahweh.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Psalm 82 is more explicit than Deut 32:8-9 in its rejection of translatability.

“Ps 82, however, is more explicit than Deut 32:8-9 in its rejection of translatability.”

May combine two claims.

The 'holy ones of the Most High' in Dan 7 are best understood as the collective angelic host, whom Michael leads and on whose behalf he strives.

“and that the “holy ones of the Most High” are best understood as the collective angelic host, whom Michael leads and on whose behalf he strives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The nation/king and the cosmic power behind them are virtually synonymous.

“the nation/king and the cosmic power behind them are virtually synonymous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Dan 7-12 is the clearest (and paradigmatic) non-sectarian exemplar of Israel having angelic guardians whose struggles in heaven parallel those of the nation on earth.

“Since Dan 7-12 is the clearest (and paradigmatic) non-sectarian exemplar of Israel having angelic guardians whose struggles in heaven parallel those of the nation on earth”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Deut 32:8-9 and similar passages from Deuteronomy suggest a measure of translatability.

“Deut 32:8-9 and similar passages from Deuteronomy suggest a measure of translatability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Optimism or ambivalence concerning the gods of the nations may have been acceptable in the past, but such a nonchalant attitude is dangerous because they have proven themselves unworthy of their delegated responsibilities to the detriment of people on earth.

“optimism or ambivalence concerning the gods of the nations may have been acceptable in the past, but such a nonchalant attitude is dangerous because they have proven themselves unworthy of their delegated responsibilities to the detriment of people on earth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The linen garb of the angel(s) mentioned in Dan 10:5 and 12:6-7 may be indicative of a priestly status.

“While the Book of Daniel focuses primarily on angelic guardians, the linen garb of the angel(s) mentioned in Dan 10:5 and 12:6-7 may be indicative of a priestly status”

• cites Angel, Otherworldly, 24Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Psalm 82 likely evokes and is therefore later than Deut 32:8-9.

“it seems likely that Ps 82 evokes and is, therefore, later than Deut 32:8-9”

• cites Goldingay, Psalms, 2:560Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 'one like a son of man' in Dan 7:13-14 is a highly exalted heavenly being, the chief angelic guardian of God's people, likely Michael.

“The view adopted here is that the “one like a son of man” is a highly exalted heavenly being, the chief angelic guardian of God's people, likely Michael”

• cites Collins, Daniel, 318Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A glaring discrepancy emerges when the gods of the nations texts are compared to late Second Temple Period texts: whereas angels associated with Gentile nations can be understood as a development of certain Hebrew Bible passages, the existence and function of high-profile angels who contend on behalf of Israel seemingly contradicts the idea that Yahweh was Israel's guardian, a notion found in Deut

“Most significant to note for my purposes, however, is that a glaring discrepancy emerges when these gods of the nations texts are compared to the late Second Temple Period texts that I will examine in subsequent chapters: whereas the angels associated with the Gentile nations have been/can be understood as a development of the thought of certain passages of the Hebrew Bible, the existence and”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The symbolism of the beasts in Daniel 7 includes the heavenly or angelic powers that lie behind the respective earthly kings/kingdoms.

“if the symbolism of the beasts includes the heavenly or angelic powers that lie behind the respective earthly kings/kingdoms represented by each beast”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Despite the chaotic persecutions that overwhelmed even the angelic host, God had decreed that victory would be granted to the angels and their leader, a verdict which rendered certain the deliverance of earthly Israel and the defeat of Antiochus and his forces.

“And despite the chaotic persecutions that overwhelmed even the angelic host, God had decreed that victory would be granted to the angels and their leader, a verdict which rendered certain the deliverance of earthly Israel and the defeat of Antiochus and his forces.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 'little horn' in Daniel 8 represents Antiochus and his persecution of the Jewish people.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Given that Daniel 7 and 8 describe the collective angelic host as being oppressed by the little horn, it is plausible that Daniel 10 underscores the severity of the persecution by reiterating that even God's angels - with the exception of the unnamed angel and Michael - are too weak to contend successfully against their cosmic enemies.

“Given that chapters 7 and 8 describe the collective angelic host as being oppressed by the little horn, it is plausible that chapter 10 underscores the severity of the persecution by reiterating that even God's angels -with the exception of the unnamed angel and Michael -are too weak to contend successfully against their cosmic enemies.129”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 'little horn' in Daniel 8 represents Antiochus and his persecution of the Jewish people.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Viewing the beasts in Daniel 7 as symbols for earthly kings and kingdoms likely does not exhaust their meaning.

“viewing the beasts as symbols for earthly kings and kingdoms likely does not exhaust their meaning.”

May combine two claims.

The implication is that the other angels are either unwilling to help (unlikely) or outmatched (more likely).

“The implication, then, is that the other angels are either unwilling to help (unlikely) or outmatched (more likely).128”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Daniel 8:12, the impact of the horn is said to touch heaven and earth in the same breath.

“in the same breath the impact of the horn is said to touch heaven and earth”

May combine two claims.

Both στάσις and οἱ ἐγγίζοντες are used in the LXX to describe the service of priests in the temple.

“Both terms are used in the LXX to describe the service of the priests in the temple.162”

• cites 1 Chr 30:16; 35:10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Given that the fire is parallel to the ten thousands times ten thousands, which is almost certainly a reference to angels, it is plausible that the former is angelic as well.

“Given that the”

May combine two claims.

The role of the 'one like a son of man' in Daniel 7 is implicitly active, and thus not as far from the role of Baal as Newsom suggests.

“chapter 7 is implicitly active -and thus not as far from the role of Baal as Newsom suggests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Daniel 10-12 are clear that the struggle will end in victory for Michael, which means victory for God's people.

“Chapters 10-12 are clear, however, that this struggle will end in victory for Michael which means victory for God's people.119”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If the composer(s) of Dan 8-12 are to be distinguished from the composer(s) of chapter 7, it would seem that the former interpreted the 'one like a son of man' as Michael, especially given the prominence of angels, in general, and Michael more specifically, in Dan 8-12.

“If the composer(s) of Dan 8-12 are to be distinguished from the composer(s) of chapter 7, it would seem that the former interpreted the “one like a son of man” as Michael, especially given the prominence of angels, in general, and Michael more specifically, in Dan 8-12.”

May combine two claims.

While Daniel appears to set the Maskilim apart for a privileged, angel-like afterlife, the work as a whole is not exclusivist: solidarity with wider Israel is emphasized and thus the hope of angelic guardianship - which is ultimately dependent on God's decisive interaction - is not just for the Jews responsible for the book.

“While Daniel appears to set the Maskilim apart for a privileged, angel-like afterlife, the work as whole is not exclusivist: solidarity with wider Israel is emphasized and thus the hope of angelic guardianship -which is ultimately dependent on God's decisive interaction -is not just for the Jews responsible for the book.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If this interpretation is accepted, Michael's dual role in BW is that of guardian of God's people and celestial high priest.

“and, if this interpretation is accepted, Michael's dual role in BW is that of guardian of God's people and celestial high priest.”

May combine two claims.

While the Book of Watchers does not explicitly refer to heaven as a temple or angels as priests, both are strongly intimated in chapters 9-16, the centerpiece of which is the account of Enoch's ascent in 14:8-23.

“While the text does not explicitly refer to heaven as a temple or angels as priests, both are strongly intimated in chapters 9-16, the centerpiece of which is the account of Enoch's ascent in 14:8-23.157”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If some Jerusalem priests had succumbed to various temptations, the revelation of a pure heavenly temple and its priesthood would have served to encourage Jews that the actions of some rebellious priests ultimately do not negate the efficacy of the heavenly temple or its terrestrial counterpart in Jerusalem.

“Similarly, if some of the Jerusalem priests had succumbed to various temptations (that may or may not have been related to warring Diadochoi and other foreign influences), 182 the revelation of a pure heavenly temple and its priesthood would have served to encourage Jews that the actions of some rebellious priests ultimately do not negate the efficacy of the heavenly temple or its terrestrial”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chapter 7 provided the theological underpinnings of the national angelic princes found in Daniel 10 and 12.

“Segal, “Monotheism and Angelology in Daniel,” in One God -One Cult -One Nation: Archaeology and Biblical Perspectives (eds., Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckmann; BZAW 405; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010), 419, argues that chapter 7 provided the “theological underpinnings of the national [angelic] princes” found in chapters 10 and 12.”

• cites Segal, 'Monotheism and Angelology in Daniel,' 419Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Daniel 7 and 8 together emphasize the cosmic consequences associated with the assaults of Antiochus.

“together, they emphasize the cosmic consequences associated with the assaults of Antiochus.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 'little horn' in Daniel 8 represents Antiochus and his persecution of the Jewish people.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Daniel 7 portrays a close relationship between heaven and earth, including intertwined fortunes of the Jewish people and the angels associated with them.

“Chapter 7 portrays the close relationship between heaven and earth in different ways.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The use of Canaanite imagery in Dan 7 is not a wholesale representation, adoption, or endorsement of Canaanite figures, concepts, and practices.

“the use of mythology is clearly not a wholesale representation, adoption, or endorsement of Canaanite figures, concepts, and practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) is widely held to have been completed in the 3rd cent. BCE.

“The tradition with which 1 Enoch opens, the Book of Watchers (henceforth, BW) is widely held to have been completed in the 3 rd cent.BCE.142”

• cites Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1, 7, 169-171Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites VanderKam, Enoch and the Growth, 111-114Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Book of Watchers is the earliest extant Jewish text to imply that the Jerusalem temple is the terrestrial reflection of an archetypal heavenly sanctuary.

“In fact, BW is the earliest extant Jewish text to imply that the Jerusalem temple is the terrestrial reflection of an archetypal heavenly sanctuary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The severity and scope of the persecutions of Antiochus are being emphasized in Daniel 8.

“it is once again clear that the severity and scope of the persecutions of Antiochus are being emphasized.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 'little horn' in Daniel 8 represents Antiochus and his persecution of the Jewish people.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The verb hlb in Daniel 7:25 means affliction of someone or something over time, severely straining or taxing the object.

“the sense of the word seems to be the affliction of someone or something over time, with the result that the object is severely strained or taxed.”

• cites HALOT 5:1834Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The imagery of Dan 7 has the closest affinities to the Baal cycle.

“it is widely held that the imagery has the closest affinities to the Baal cycle”

• cites Day, God's Conflict; 151-177Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Collins, Daniel, 280-294Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The transposition (and thereby aggrandizing) of events to the mythical plane would have been effective in reassuring those for whom BW was written.

“my own sense is that this transposition (and thereby aggrandizing) of events to the mythical plane would have been effective in reassuring those for whom BW was written.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Whoever the righteous and chosen are, it is likely that they are the recipients of BW's revelation of the heavenly world.

“First, whoever the”

• cites Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1, 67Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The 'one like a son of man' in Dan 7 should be viewed as more than a symbolic reference to the people of God, and the interpretation of the figure as an angel has warrant.

“the figure should be viewed as more than a symbolic reference to the people of God.”

• cites Collins, Daniel, 309Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The non-specificity of the text serves an important purpose.

“the non-specificity of the text serves an important purpose; 178”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Canaanite imagery of Dan 7 may have been perceived as a useful way of asserting that Israel had a national guardian in the heavenly realm, subordinate to and dependent upon Yahweh.

“the Canaanite imagery of chapter 7 may have been perceived as a useful way of asserting the opposite view: that Israel indeed had a national guardian in the heavenly realm, though subordinate to and ultimately dependent upon Yahweh.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Canaanite mythological material was transmitted to the Second Temple period and was available to the author(s) of Daniel.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In light of the notion of the astral angelic host, Daniel 12:3 is asserting that the wise will become like angels in heaven at the resurrection.

“In light of the notion of the astral angelic host, verse 3 is asserting that the wise will become like angels in heaven at the resurrection.132”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of Canaanite imagery in Daniel 7 may have been to polemicize against Antiochus and his cult.

“The use of the imagery may actually have been to polemicize against Antiochus and his cult”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The polemic against Antiochus in Daniel 7 may be more pointed than Collins allows, because the superior-subordinate El-Baal relationship contributes to the polemical import of the vision.

“But the polemic against Antiochus may be even more pointed than this.”

May combine two claims.

In the Book of Watchers, Michael is described as the protector of the people, and this association with a guardianship role pre-dates the Book of Daniel.

“That BW describes Michael as the protector of the people indicates that his association with a guardianship role pre-dates the Book of Daniel”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is plausible that the Canaanite pattern was deemed helpful by the creative Jew(s) responsible for the final form of Daniel 7.

“Given the celestial context of the El-Baal relationship, it is plausible that this Canaanite pattern could have been deemed helpful by the creative Jew(s) responsible for the final form of Dan 7”

May combine two claims.

At least in his role as guardian of the people, Michael appears to be without angelic peer; the Book of Watchers may even indicate that Michael outranks all other angels.

“at least in his role as guardian of the people, Michael appears to be without angelic peer; 151 BW may even indicate that Michael outranks all other angels”

May combine two claims.

If some angels in BW were envisioned as having a role analogous to the earthly high priest insofar as they were allowed to serve in closest proximity to God, Enoch's vision of the heavenly temple may suggest that those not permitted to approach God-perhaps most other angels-were thought to be priests of a lower rank, thus explaining their non-access to the innermost part of the heavenly sanctuary.

“If some angels in BW were envisioned as having a role analogous to the earthly high priest insofar as they were allowed to serve in closest proximity to God, 164 Enoch's vision of the heavenly temple may suggest that those not permitted to approach God -perhaps most other angels -were thought to be priests of a lower rank, thus explaining their non-access to the innermost part of the heavenly san”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The four beasts in Dan 7 function as allegorical symbols for kings/kingdoms.

“Since the beasts seem to function as allegorical symbols for kings/kingdoms”

• cites Collins, Daniel, 305Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The 'one like a son of man' in Dan 7 is not a messianic figure.

“there is nothing in Dan 7 to indicate that a messiah is in view.”

• cites Hartman and DiLella, Daniel, 219Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The apocalyptic literature of the second century and after is the result of a long development reaching back to pre-exilic times and beyond, not a new creation of second-century foreign parents.

“the apocalyptic literature of the second century and after is the result of a long development reaching back to pre-exilic times and beyond, and not the new baby of second century foreign parents”

• cites HansenNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Daniel 8 emphasizes the correspondence between heaven and earth by alternating references to each realm in a manner similar to that witnessed in Daniel 7.

“Daniel 8 emphasizes the correspondence between heaven and earth by alternating references to each realm in a manner similar to that witnessed in Dan 7.”

• cites Goldingay, Daniel, 205Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is obvious that the recipients of the blessings in 3:22-27ff are the Zadokite priests.

“It is obvious that the recipients of the blessings in 3:22-27ff are the Zadokite priests; cf., e.g., Milik,”

• cites Milik, "28b. Recueil des Bénédictions," 118-130Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The importance and authority of this revealed knowledge is heightened by the subtle yet noticeable downplaying of the Mosaic Torah vis-à-vis the content of the vision.

“Second, the importance and authority of this revealed knowledge is heightened by a.) the subtle yet noticeable downplaying of the Mosaic Torah vis-à-vis the content of the vision; 185”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This violent chaos is thus limited within the strictures of divine order and providence.

“this violent chaos is thus limited within the strictures of divine order and providence.206”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The different literary settings of the Self-Glorification Hymn have resulted in different attributions of identity for the 'I' voice: a human voice, as in the other Hodayot, for Recension A, and the voice of an angel prompted by the War Scroll's reference to Michael for Recension B.

“Complicating the issue is that the different literary settings have resulted in different attributions of identity for the “I” voice: a human voice as per those of the other Hodayot for Recension A 197 and the voice of an angel prompted by the War Scroll's reference to Michael (cf. 1QM 17:6-7) for Recension B.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Though in some tension with BW's judgment of wicked humanity, this verse reveals a strong universalistic leaning.

“Though in some tension with BW's judgment of wicked humanity, this verse reveals a strong universalistic leaning.194”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AA's allegorical treatment of history allows its author(s) to integrate the various players of Israel's cosmic drama onto a single stage.

“AA's allegorical treatment of history allows its author(s) to integrate the various players of Israel's cosmic drama onto a single stage:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the fact that their raiment is white may suggest that the archangels have a priestly status, there is no imagery or language of a heavenly temple as there is in BW.

“While the fact that their raiment is white may suggest that the archangels have a priestly status, 210 there is no imagery or language of a heavenly temple as there is in BW. 211”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The speaker-community relationship is integral to the liturgical focus of the surrounding text, as shown by the second person plural imperatives the speaker issues to the community.

“Moreover, the speaker- community relationship is integral to the liturgical focus of the surrounding text, as can be seen in the use of the second person plural imperatives (e.g., wrmz, wryC, etc.) issued by the speaker to the community”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Nickelsburg's characterization of the righteous/chosen as true Israel is too strong, especially if the same designation is used to refer to the Qumran sectarians.

“Nickelsburg describes the”

• cites Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1, 147Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The plant in 10:16c is wider Israel, who are perhaps stirred by the knowledge and wisdom of the chosen/righteous.

“I see no reason to rule out that this”

• cites Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination, 72Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In both so-called recensions of the Self-Glorification Hymn, the speaker may be exalting himself above the angels with whom he claims fellowship.

“what is remarkable about both so-called recensions of SGH is that the speaker may be exalting himself above the angels with whom he is claiming fellowship.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A War Scroll setting for this text does not require that the 'I' voice be angelic.

“First, a War Scroll setting for this text does not demand that the “I” voice be angelic.”

May combine two claims.

The import of BW's presentation of angels associated with Israel is found in the revealed knowledge of the existence of these guardians and priests and their leader, Michael, who protected the people and interceded for them, ridded the world of sin and its causes, and served as the model and validation of the earthly priesthood.

“In short, these observations suggest that the import of BW's presentation of angels associated with Israel is found in the revealed knowledge of the existence of these guardians and priests and their leader, Michael, who protected the people and interceded for them, ridded the world of sin and its causes, and served as the model and validation of the earthly priesthood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are many instances in the Hebrew Bible where God or the leaders of Israel are referred to as shepherds, with Ezek 34 and Zech 11 constituting the most detailed negative examples of the metaphor.

“There are many instances in the Hebrew Bible where God or the leaders of Israel are referred to as shepherds, with Ezek 34 and Zech 11 constituting the most detailed negative examples of the metaphor (cf.Pss 23:1-6; 80:2; 100:3; Isa 40:11). 212”

• cites Ezek 34Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zech 11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The divine response to the injustice of the shepherds is unexpected; instead of intervening himself or sanctioning an immediate angelic counter assault, God instructs a scribe to record the actions of the shepherds.

“The divine response to the injustice of the shepherds is unexpected.Instead of intervening himself or sanctioning an immediate angelic counter assault, God instructs a scribe to record the actions of the shepherds; 89:61-64 states that another he summoned and said to him,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The archangel Michael has been interpreted as having a role in 90:13-14ff, a passage which corresponds to events of the Maccabean revolt; this section is used to date AA to the mid to late 160s BCE.

“Moreover, the archangel Michael has been interpreted as having a role in 90:13-14ff (see below), a passage which corresponds to events of the Maccabean revolt; this section is used to date AA to the mid to late 160s BCE, 207”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since men signify angels in AA, it is widely accepted that these seven men correspond to the seven archangels mentioned elsewhere in 1 Enoch.

“Since men signify angels in AA, it is thus widely accepted that the these seven”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Even the knowledge of these angels and the hope of assistance from them was, on its own, insufficient; not until God arrives with his angelic holy ones (cf. 1:1-9) will BW's envisioned future come to pass.

“Yet even the knowledge of these angels and the hope of assistance from them was, on its own, insufficient; not until God arrives with his angelic holy ones (cf.1:1-9) will BW's envisioned future come to pass.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In keeping with AA's allegorical scheme, the shepherds-a human vocation-should be understood to be angels.

“In keeping with AA's allegorical scheme, the shepherds -a human vocation -should be understood to be angels.213”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scholars have not missed the affinity these angelic shepherds have with Deut 32:8 and its sons of god, whom the God of Israel has appointed to rule over the Gentile nations.

“Scholars have not missed the affinity these angelic shepherds have with Deut 32:8 and its”

• cites Deut 32:8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

That this knowledge was revealed to the pious, ante-diluvian hero, Enoch, grants a measure of authority to both the vision itself and those for whom Enoch is presumably a stand-in, BW's authors.

“That this knowledge was revealed to the pious, ante-diluvian hero, Enoch, grants a measure of authority to both the vision itself and those for whom Enoch is a presumably a stand-in, BW's authors.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The actions of Michael and his comrades were for the encouragement and benefit of the plant of righteous (i.e., Israel), who, in turn, would become a blessing to all of humankind.

“The actions of Michael and his comrades were for the encouragement and benefit of the”

May combine two claims.

While these shepherds have been instructed by God to facilitate the punishment of disobedient Israel, it is clear that the shepherds have malevolently overstepped their mandate.

“While these shepherds have been instructed by God to facilitate the punishment of disobedient Israel (cf.89:58, 68), 214 it is clear that the shepherds have malevolently overstepped their mandate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There have been recent objections to classifying the Self-Glorification Hymn witnesses as a 'recension,' because scholars have noted that the discrepancies are sufficient to question the term's appropriateness.

“there have been some recent objections to this classification, as scholars have noted that the discrepancies are sufficient to question the term's appropriateness.”

• cites García Martínez, “Old Texts,” 115-116Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schuller, DJD 40, 301 n.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.