Behaviour changes of ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at high temperature
Abstract
In this paper, the thermal performance of ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) geopolymers is investigated. The geopolymers were prepared with sodium-based alkali activator and exposed to elevated temperature (200 to 1000°C) after 28 d of curing at room temperature. The unexposed geopolymers exhibited excellent compressive strength of 95 MPa. The compressive strength reduced to 8·9 MPa at 800°C and increased to 19·8 MPa at 1000°C. The strength regained by 122·5% as compared to the residual strength at 800°C. The crack reduction and partial melting in geopolymers treated at 1000°C signifies crack healing at elevated temperature, which in turn increases the compressive strength. In addition, the formation of crystalline phases of gehlenite (Ca 2 Al 2 SiO), mayenite (Ca 12 Al 14 O 33) and larnite (Ca 2 SiO 4) filled the geopolymer matrix and formed an ordered structure. This further enhanced the strength and high-temperature stability of GGBFS geopolymers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existence of calcium (CaO) content in GGBFS contributed to shortened setting time and development of compressive strength of clay soil.
“Additionally, the existence of calcium (CaO) content in GGBFS contributed to the shortened setting time and development of the compressive strength of the clay soil.”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Reaction between GGBFS and alkali activator solution formed C-A-S-H and calcite within geopolymer matrix.
“where the reaction between GGBFS and alkali activator solution formed a calcium–aluminate–silicate–hydrate (C–A–S–H) and calcite (CaCO3) within the geopolymer matrix.”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
A strong alkali is needed to partially or entirely dissolve the silica and alumina available in the source materials.
“According to Malkawi et al. [105], a strong alkali is needed due to the alkali activator’s function, which is required to partially or entirely dissolve the silica and alumina available in the source materials as explained in details in the polymerization mechanism [74,78,101,106].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
As solid-to-liquid ratio rose, geopolymers sample became less homogeneous due to limited amount of alkali activator.
“As the solid-to-liquid ratio rose, the geopolymers sample became less homogeneous due to the limited amount of alkali activator [48,51,72,74,78,93,94,98].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
NaOH solution contains and provides hydroxide ion (OH-) and sodium ion (Na+), mainly responsible for the dissolution of aluminosilicate source materials and the polymerization process of geopolymer.
“It contains and provides hydroxide ion (OH-) and sodium ion (Na+), mainly responsible for the dissolution of aluminosilicate source materials and the polymerization process of geopolymer [74,78,82,83,99,100,101].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Higher sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ratios lower the workability and strength of the mixture.
“However, higher sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ratios are encouraged to be studied for geopolymer systems due to commercial and marketing interest, lowering the workability and strength of the mixture [51,74,78,102,103,109,110].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
These hydration products, along with aluminosilicate structure in GGBFS samples, contributed significantly to high strength gain.
“These hydration products, along with aluminosilicate structure in the GGBFS samples, contributed significantly to high strength gain.”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Cites
Effect of elevated temperatures on geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete
Kong, D. L. Y., & Sanjayan, J. G. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.017 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abdila, S. R., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Ahmad, R., Burduhos Nergis, D. D., Rahim, S. Z. A., Omar, M. F., Sandu, A. V., Vizureanu, P., & Syafwandi (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15010375 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Aziz, I. H., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Heah, C.-Y., & Liew, Y.-M.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Perlis (MY)
- Senior Lecturer, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), D/A Pejabat Pos Besar, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Senior Lecturer, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), D/A Pejabat Pos Besar, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia (corresponding author: , )
- Venue
- Advances in Cement Research
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 465-475
- ISSN
- 0951-7197 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7605
- OpenAlex
- W2944784067
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in Cement Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Fire effects on concrete materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications
- Keywords
- ground granulated blast furnace slag, geopolymer, high-temperature performance, compressive strength, strength recovery, crack healing, gehlenite, mayenite, larnite, crystalline phase, thermal stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
