CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 33Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesHealth and Medical Studies

Health Inequalities in Europe: Setting the Stage for Progressive Policy Action

Open access
Forster, Timon, Kentikelenis, Alexander, Bambra, Clare·2018·Freie Universität Berlin
DOI 10.17169/refubium-1014
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

While the health of Europeans has improved over recent years, differences by gender, birthplace, and/or socioeconomic background persist. This report maps the extent of such health inequalities, its determinants, and costs to society. The findings indicate that differences in health between and within countries are attributable not only to social and health policies, but also depend on economic policy and the social determinants of health. Thus, holistic policy interventions are required to tackle health inequalities.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.17169/refubium-1014

Cites

81 of 83 references verified1 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Before COVID-19, life expectancy among poorest groups was declining in UK and USA, and health inequalities in some European countries were increasing over last decade.

    “COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”

    From The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities (2020) · cites this paper as [50]

    The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 48

  1. Stiglitz, J., 2016. The Euro: And Its Threat to the Future of Europe. London: Penguin UK.
  2. Wolf, M., 2015. The Shifts and the Shocks: What We've Learned -And Have Still to Learn -From the Financial Crisis. London: Penguin UK.
  3. Castells, M. et al., 2017. Europe's Crises. Cambridge: Polity Press
  4. WHO, 2013. Review of Social Determinants and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
  5. European Commission, 2013. Health Inequalities in the EU: Final Report. European Commission, doi:10.2772/34426 · DOI
  6. Marmot, M., 2004. The Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Affects Your Health and Life Expectancy. London: Bloomsbury.
  7. Hall, P.A. & Lamont, M., 2009. Successful Societies: How Institutions and Culture Affect Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Bambra, C., 2005. Worlds of Welfare and the Healthcare Discrepancy. Social Policy and Society, 4(1), pp.31-41.
  9. Marmot, M. & Wilkinson, R.G., 2006. Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  10. Esping-Andersen, G., 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. London: Polity Press. Available from http://ess.nsd.uib.no
  11. Murtin, F. et al., 2017. Inequalities in Longevity by Education in OECD Countries: Insights from new OECD Estimates. OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2017/02. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/6b64d9cf-en 37. OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2017. Denmark: Country Health Profile 2017, State of Health in the EU. Paris and Brussels: OECD Publishing/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. doi:10.1787/888933593475 · DOI
  12. Briguglio, M. & Bugeja, I., 2011. Exploring Malta's Welfare Model. Bank of Valletta Review, 43, pp.12-27.
  13. Moran, M., 1999. Governing the Healthcare State. A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press
  14. Cylus, J. et al., 2015. United Kingdom: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 17(5), pp.1- 125.
  15. Busse, R. & Blümel, M., 2014. Germany: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 16(2), pp.1-296.
  16. Olejaz, M. et al., 2012. Denmark: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 14(2), pp.1 -192.
  17. García-Armesto, S. et al., 2010. Spain: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 12(4), pp.1- 295.
  18. Sagan, A. et al., 2011. Poland Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 13(8), pp.1-193.
  19. OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2017. France: Country Health Profile 2017, State of Health in the EU. Paris and Brussels: OECD Publishing/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. doi.org/10.1787/9789264283374-en · DOI
  20. Upton, J.E., 2017. Obesity and the Nurses' Role in Reducing Health Inequalities Through Health Promotion. Links to Health and Social Care, 2(2), pp.39-51.
  21. Reutter, L. & Kushner, K.E., 2012. Health Equity Through Action on Social Determinants of Health: Taking Up the Challenge in Nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 17(3), pp.269-280.
  22. Devaux, M., 2015. Income-Related Inequalities and Inequities in Healthcare Services Utilisation in 18 Selected OECD Countries. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(1), pp.21-33. 107. Stirbu, I., Kunst, A.E., Mielck, A. & Mackenbach, J.P., 2011. Inequalities in Utilisation of General Practitioner and Specialist Services in 9 European Countries. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), p.288. 108. DGS, 2015. A Saúde dos Portugueses-Perspetiva 2015 [The Health of the Portuguese-Perspective 2015]. Lisbon: Directorate-General of Health. 109.
  23. Simões, J., Augusto, G.F., Fronteira, I. & Hernández-Quevedo, C., 2017. Portugal: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 19(2), pp.1-184. 110. Palència, L., Espelt, A., Cornejo-Ovalle, M. & Borrell, C., 2014. Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Use of Dental Care Services in Europe: What is the Role of Public Coverage?. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 42(2), pp.97-105. 111. Elstad, J.I., 2017. Dental Care Coverage and Income-Related Inequalities in Foregone Dental Care in Europe During the Great Recession. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 45(4), pp.296-302. 112. Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C., Watt, R.G., Pikhart, H., Sheiham, A. & Tsakos, G., 2013. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health in Different European Welfare State Regimes. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, pp.jech-2013. 113. Mladovsky, P., Srivastava, D., Cylus, J., Karanikolos, M., Evetovits, T., Thomson, S. & McKee, M., 2012. Health Policy Responses to the Financial Crisis in Europe. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. 114.
  24. Burke, S.A., Normand, C., Barry, S. & Thomas, S., 2016. From Universal Health Insurance to Universal Healthcare? The Shifting Health Policy Landscape in Ireland Since the Economic Crisis. Health Policy, 120(3), pp.235-240. 121. Kentikelenis, A.E., 2015. Bailouts, Austerity and the Erosion of Health Coverage in Southern Europe and Ireland. European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), pp.365-66. 122. Economou, C., Kaitelidou, D., Kentikelenis, A.E., Sissouras, A. & Maresso, A., 2014. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Health and the Health System in Greece. In Economic Crisis, Health Systems and Health in Europe: Country Experience, edited by A. Maresso et al., pp. 103-42. Copenhagen: WHO/ European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 123
  25. Amable, B., 2016. Institutional Complementarities in the Dynamic Comparative Analysis of Capitalism. Journal of Institutional Economics, 12(1), pp.79-103. 132. Hall, P.A. & Gingerich, D.W., 2009. Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Political Economy: An Empirical Analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 39(3), pp.449-482. 133. Koster, F. & van Vliet, O., 2014. Labour Market Institutions in Europe: Differences, Developments, Consequences and Reforms. In: Let's Get to Work! The Future of Labour in Europe. Vol. 1., edited by M. Beblavý, I. Maselli & M. Veselková, pp. 185-206. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. Available from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2473122 134.
  26. Barbieri, P., 2009. Flexible Employment and Inequality in Europe. European Sociological Review, 25(6), pp.621-628. 135. Muntaner, C., Solar, O., Vanroelen, C., Martínez, J.M., Vergara, M., Santana, V., Castedo, A., Kim, I.H., Benach, J. & EMCONET Network, 2010. Unemployment, Informal Work, Precarious Employment, Child Labor, Slavery, and Health Inequalities: Pathways and Mechanisms. International Journal of Health Services, 40(2), pp.281-295. 136.
  27. Bartley, M., Ferrie, J. & Montgomery, S., 2006. Health and Labour Market Disadvantage: Unemployment, Non-Employment, and Job Insecurity. In Social Determinants of Health, edited by M. Marmot & R.G. Wilkinson, pp.78-96, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 137.
  28. Montgomery, S., Cook, D.G., Bartley, M. & Wadsworth, M.E., 1999. Unemployment, Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption and Body Weight in Young British Men. European Journal of Public Health, 8, pp.21-27 138.
  29. Luoto, R., Poikolainen, K. & Uutela, A., 1998. Unemployment, Sociodemographic Background and Consumption of Alcohol Before and During the Economic Recession of the 1990s in Finland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27, pp.623-629. 139. Moser, K.A., Fox, A.J. & Jones, D.R., 1984. Unemployment and Mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study. The Lancet, 324, pp.1324-1329. 140.
  30. Tatsiramos, K., 2009. Unemployment Insurance in Europe: Unemployment Duration and Subsequent Employment Stability. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(6), pp.1225-1260. 147. Ferrarini, T., Nelson, K. & Sjöberg, O., 2014. Unemployment Insurance and Deteriorating Self- Rated Health in 23 European Countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, pp.jech-2013. doi:10.1136/jech-2013203721 148. · DOI
  31. Renahy, E., Mitchell, C., Molnar, A., Muntaner, C., Ng, E., Ali, F. & O'Campo, P., 2018. Connections Between Unemployment Insurance, Poverty and Health: A Systematic Review. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(2), pp.269-275. 149. Viebrock, E. & Clasen, J., 2009. Flexicurity and Welfare Reform: A Review. Socio-Economic Review, 7(2), pp.305-331. 150. Andersen, T.M. & Svarer, M., 2007. Flexicurity-Labour Market Performance in Denmark. CESifo Economic Studies, 53(3), pp.389-429. 151. Bonoli, G., 2010. The Political Economy of Active Labor-Market Policy. Politics & Society, 38(4), pp.435-457. 152.
  32. Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. & McKee, M., 2009. The Public Health Effect of Economic Crises and Alternative Policy Responses in Europe: An Empirical Analysis. The Lancet, 374(9686), pp.315- 323. 155. Gibson, M. et al., 2018. Welfare to Work Interventions and their Effects on the Health and Well-Being of Lone Parents and their Children [Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. CD009820 156.
  33. Bambra, C., 2016. Health Divides: Where You Live Can Kill You. Bristol: Policy Press. 159.
  34. Copeland, A., Bambra, C., Nylen, L., Kasim, A.S., Riva, M., Curtis, S., & Burstrom, B., 2015. All In It Together? The Effects of Recession on Population Health and Health Inequalities in England and Sweden, 1991 to 2010. International Journal of Health Services, 45(45), pp.3-24. 160. Niedzwiedz, C.L., Mitchell, R.J. Shortt, N.K. & Pearce, J.R., 2016. Social Protection Spending and Inequalities in Depressive Symptoms across Europe. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), pp.1005-1014. 161. Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., Mackenbach, J.P. & McKee, M., 2013. Financial Crisis, Austerity, and Health in Europe. The Lancet, 381(9874), pp.1323-1331. 162. Reeves, A., McKee, M., Basu, S. & Stuckler, D., 2013. The Political Economy of Austerity and Healthcare: Cross-National Analysis of Expenditure Changes in 27 European Nations. Health Policy, 115, pp.1995-2011. 163. Sridhar, D. & Woods, N., 2010. Are There Simple Conclusions on How to Channel Health Funding? The Lancet, 375, pp.1326-1328. 164.
  35. Reeves, A., McKee, M. & Stuckler, D., 2015. The Attack on Universal Health Coverage in Europe: Recession, Austerity and Unmet Needs. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), pp.364-365. 166. Stuckler, D. & Basu, S., 2009. The International Monetary Fund's Effects on Global Health: Before and After the 2008 Financial Crisis. International Journal of Health Services, 39(4), pp.771-781. 167. Agnello, L. & Sousa, R.M., 2014. How Does Fiscal Consolidation Impact on Income Inequality? Review of Income and Wealth, 60(4), pp.702-726. 168.
  36. Ball, L., Furceri, D., Leigh, D. & Loungani, P., 2013. The Distributional Effects of Fiscal Austerity. UN- DESA Working Paper, 129. New York: United Nations. 169. Mulas-Granados, C., 2005. Fiscal Adjustments and the Short-Term Trade-Off between Economic Growth and Equality. Hacienda Pública Española/Revista de Economia Pública, 172 (1), pp.61-92. 170. Schaltegger, C.A. & Weder, M., 2014. Austerity, Inequality and Politics. European Journal of Political Economy, 35, pp.1-22. 171. Eurofound, 2017. Sixth European Working Conditions Survey-Overview Report (2017 Update). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 172. Van der Wel, K.A., Saltkjel, T., Chen, W.H., Dahl, E. & Halvorsen, K., 2018. European Health Inequality through the 'Great Recession': Social Policy Matters. Sociology of Health & Illness, 40(4), pp.750-768. 173. Niebylski, M.L., Redburn, K.A., Duhaney, T. & Campbell, N.R., 2015. Healthy Food Subsidies and Unhealthy Food Taxation: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Nutrition, 31(6), pp.787-795. 174.
  37. Bødker, M., Pisinger, C., Toft, U. & Jørgensen, T., 2015. The Rise and Fall of the World's First Fat Tax. Health Policy, 119(6), pp.737-742. 176. European Union, 2001. Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market. Brussels: European Commission. 177. European Union, 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Brussels: European Commission. 178. Marques, A.C. & Fuinhas, J.A., 2012. Are Public Policies Towards Renewables Successful? Evidence from European Countries. Renewable Energy, 44, pp.109-118. 179. Nicolini, M. & Tavoni, M., 2017. Are Renewable Energy Subsidies Effective? Evidence from Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, pp.412-423. 180. Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. & Kothari, S., 2011. Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environmental Protection: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), pp.1513-1524. 181. Morello-Frosch, R., Zuk, M., Jerrett, M., Shamasunder, B. & Kyle, A.D., 2011. Understanding the Cumulative Impacts of Inequalities in Environmental Health: Implications for Policy. Health Affairs, 30(5), pp.879-887. 182. McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E. & Hales, S., 2006. Climate Change and Human Health: Present and Future Risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), pp.859-869. 183.
  38. McMichael, A.J., Butler, C.D. & Dixon, J., 2015. Climate Change, Food Systems and Population Health Risks in their Eco-Social Context. Public Health, 129(10), pp.1361-1368. 186. Acuto, M., 2013. The New Climate Leaders?. Review of International Studies, 39(4), pp.835-857. 187. Barata, M., Ligeti, E., De Simone, G., Dickinson, T., Jack, D., Penney, J., Rahman, M. & Zimmerman, R., 2011. Climate Change and Human Health in Cities. In: Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, pp.179-213. 188. Lankao, P.R. & Tribbia, J.L., 2009. Assessing Patterns of Vulnerability, Adaptive Capacity and Resilience Across Urban Centres. World Bank 5 th Urban Symposium on Climate Change, Marseille. 189.
  39. Lee, T. & Van de Meene, S., 2012. Who Teaches and Who Learns? Policy Learning through the C40 Cities Climate Network. Policy Sciences, 45(3), pp.199-220. 190. Broto, V.C. & Bulkeley, H., 2013. A Survey of Urban Climate Change Experiments in 100 Cities. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp.92-102. 191. Dahlgren, G. & Whitehead, M., 1991. Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for Future Studies. 192. Marmot, M., 2005. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), pp.1099-1104. 193. Mackenbach, J.P., 2011. Can we Reduce Health Inequalities? An Analysis of the English Strategy (1997-2010). Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65(7), pp.568-575. 194. Barr, B., Higgerson, J. & Whitehead, M., 2017. Investigating the Impact of the English Health Inequalities Strategy: Time Trend Analysis. BMJ, 358, p.j3310. 195.
  40. Amin, V., Behrman, J.R. & Spector, T.D., 2013. Does More Schooling Improve Health Outcomes and Health Related Behaviors? Evidence from UK Twins. Economics of Education Review, 35, pp.134-148. 198. Jürges, H., Reinhold, S. & Salm, M., 2011. Does Schooling Affect Health Behavior? Evidence from the Educational Expansion in Western Germany. Economics of Education Review, 30(5), pp.862-872. 199. Mirowsky, J. & Ross, C.E., 2003. Education, Social Status, and Health. New York: Routledge. 200. Benach, J. & Muntaner, C., 2007. Precarious Employment and Health: Developing a Research Agenda. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, pp.276-277. 201.
  41. Bell, D.N. & Blanchflower, D.G., 2013. Underemployment in the UK Revisited. National Institute Economic Review, 224(1), pp.F8-F22. 204. Lavery, S., 2014. The Politics of Precarious Employment in Europe: Zero Hour Contracts and The Commodification of Work. Precarious Employment in Europe, FEPS Young Economics Network Working Paper, Brussels, pp.6-16. 205. Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C. & Bohle, P., 2001. The Global Expansion of Precarious Employment, Work Disorganisation, and Consequences for Occupational Health: A Review of Recent Research. International Journal of Health Services, 31, pp.335-414. 206. Ferrie, J.E., Shipley, M.J., Stansfeld, S.A. & Marmot, M., 2002. Effects of Chronic Job Insecurity and Change in Job Security on Self-Reported Health, Minor Psychiatric Morbidity, Physiological Measures, and Health-Related Behaviours in British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, pp.450-454. 207. Kivimäki, M. et al., 2006. Work Stress in the Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease-A Meta-Analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), pp.431-442. 208. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J. & Näswall, K., 2002. No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and its Consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), pp.242-264. 209. Bartley, M., 2005. Job Insecurity and Its Effect on Health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, pp.718-719. 210. Muntaner, C., Anthony, J.C., Crum, R.M. & Eaton, W.W., 1995. Psychosocial Dimensions of Work and the Risk of Drug Dependence among Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142(2), pp.183-190. 211. Stansfeld, S. & Candy, B., 2006. Psychosocial Work Environment and Mental Health: A Meta-Analytic Review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), pp.443-462. 212. Kim, T.J. & Von dem Knesebeck, O., 2015. Is an Insecure Job Better for Health than Having No Job at All? A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Health-Related Risks of Both Job Insecurity and Unemployment. BMC Public Health, 15(1), p.985. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2313-1 213. · DOI
  42. Menéndez, M. et al., 2007. Is Precarious Employment More Damaging to Women's Health than Men's? Social Science & Medicine, 64(4), pp.776-781. 215. Kim, I.H. et al., 2006. The Relationship between Nonstandard Working and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of the South Korean Population. Social Science & Medicine, 63(3), pp.566-574. 216. Eurofound, 2016. Sustainable Work Throughout the Life Course: National Policies and Strategies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 217.
  43. Kim, I.H., Muntaner, C., Shahidi, F.V., Vives, A., Vanroelen, C. & Benach, J., 2012. Welfare States, Flexible Employment, and Health: A Critical Review. Health Policy, 104(2), pp.99-127. 218. Häusermann, S. & Schwander, H., 2010. Explaining Welfare Preferences in Dualized Societies. In 17 th Conference of Europeanists, pp. 1-33. 219. Eurofound, 2012. Health and Well-Being at Work: A Report Based on the Fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 220.
  44. Beckfield, J., 2004. Does Income Inequality Harm Health? New Cross-National Evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), pp.231-248. 221. Hu, Y., van Lenthe, F.J. & Mackenbach, J.P., 2015. Income Inequality, Life Expectancy and Cause- Specific Mortality in 43 European Countries, 1987-2008: A Fixed Effects Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(8), pp.615-625. 222. Pickett, K.E. & Wilkinson, R.G., 2015. Income Inequality and Health: A Causal Review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, pp.316-326. 223.
  45. Wilkinson, R.G. & Pickett, K.E., 2009. The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane. 224. Aittomaki, A., Martikainen, P., Rahkonen, O. & Lahelma, E., 2014. Household Income and Health Problems During a Period of Labour-Market Change and Widening Income Inequalities-A Study Among the Finnish Population Between 1987 and 2007. Social Science & Medicine, 100, pp. 84-92. 225. Rostila, M., Kölegård, M.L. & Fritzell, J., 2012. Income Inequality and Self-Rated Health in Stockholm, Sweden: A Test of the 'Income Inequality Hypothesis' on Two Levels of Aggregation. Social Science & Medicine, 74(7), pp.1091-1098. 226.
  46. Wilkinson, R.G. & Pickett, K.E., 2017. The Enemy Between Us: The Psychological and Social Costs of Inequality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1), pp.11-24. 227. Lancee, B. & Van de Werfhorst, H.G., 2012. Income inequality and participation: A comparison of 24 European countries. Social Science Research, 41(5), pp.1166-1178. 228. Marmot, M. & Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2007. Achieving Health Equity: From Root Causes to Fair Outcomes. The Lancet, 370(9593), pp.1153-1163. 229. Suhrcke, M., Sauto Arce, R., McKee, M. & Rocco, L., 2008. The Economic Costs of Ill Health in the European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Europe. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0004/83443/E93695.pdf. 230. Cookson, R., Asaria, M., Ali, S., Shaw, R., Doran T. & Goldblatt, P., 2018. Health Equity Monitoring for Healthcare Quality Assurance. Social Science & Medicine, 198, pp.148-56. 231. Asaria, M., Doran, T. & Cookson, R., 2016. The Costs of Inequality: Whole-Population Modelling Study of Lifetime Inpatient Hospital Costs in the English National Health Service by Level of Neighbourhood Deprivation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(10), pp.990-996. 232. GHK, 2012. A Study on Liability and the Health Costs of Smoking. DG SANCO. London: GHK. 233. Costa, H., Gilmore, A.B., Peeters, S., McKee, M. & Stuckler, D., 2014. Quantifying the Influence of the Tobacco Industry on EU Governance: Automated Content Analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive. Tobacco Control, 23(6), pp.473-478. 234.
  47. Benos, N. & Zotou, S., 2014. Education and Economic Growth: A Meta-Regression Analysis. World Development, 64, pp.669-689. 241. Hanushek, E.A. & Woessmann, L., 2008. The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), pp.607-668. 242. De La Fuente, A., 2011. Human Capital and Productivity. Nordic Economic Policy Review, 2(2), pp.103- 132. 243. De La Fuente, A. & Doménech, R., 2006. Human Capital in Growth Regressions: How Much Difference Does Data Quality Make?. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(1), pp.1-36. 244. Hanushek, E.A. & Woessmann, L., 2011. How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries?. Economic Policy, 26(67), pp.427-491. 245. Berg, A.G. & Ostry, J.D., 2011. Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin? IMF Discussion Note. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. 246. Dabla-Norris, M.E., Kochhar, M.K., Suphaphiphat, M.N., Ricka, M.F. & Tsounta, E., 2015. Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/15/13. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. 247. Marmot, M. & Bell, R., 2018. The Sustainable Development Goals and Health Equity. Epidemiology, 29(1), pp.5-7. 248. European Union, 2017. Sustainable Development in the European Union-Monitoring Report on Progress Towards the SDGs in an EU Context: 2017 Edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2785/237722 249. · DOI
  48. Kindornay, S., 2018. Progressing National SDGs Implementation: An Independent Assessment of the Voluntary National Review Reports submitted to the United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. Ottawa: Canadian Council for International Co-operation. 250.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Forster, T., Kentikelenis, A., & Bambra, C.
ORCID
Venue
Freie Universität Berlin
Publisher
Freie Universität Berlin
Published
2018
DOI
10.17169/refubium-1014
OpenAlex
W2910283747
Cited by
33
References
83
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
FWCI
7.40
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
Locations
  • Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion)
  • Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Medical Studies
Keywords
health disparities, social determinants of health, gender differences in health, socioeconomic inequalities in health, health policy, economic policy, Europe

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review