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The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Abstract
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained (e.g., low-power, lossy) networks. The nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small amounts of ROM and RAM, while constrained networks such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) often have high packet error rates and a typical throughput of 10s of kbit/s. The protocol is designed for machine- to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. CoAP provides a request/response interaction model between application endpoints, supports built-in discovery of services and resources, and includes key concepts of the Web such as URIs and Internet media types. CoAP is designed to easily interface with HTTP for integration with the Web while meeting specialized requirements such as multicast support, very low overhead, and simplicity for constrained environments.
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“SCADA systems are geographically distributed.Hence their physical security is a big issue [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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“These systems are expected to run without any interruption, so any patch or upgrade cannot be applied without compromising its productivity [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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Items 501–600 of 1,002
A novel architecture enabling the visual implementation of web of Things applications
Mainetti, L., Mighali, V., Patrono, L., et al. (2013) · International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM) · doi:10.1109/softcom.2013.6671847 · Cited by 34
Towards a trust computing architecture for RPL in Cyber Physical Systems
Seeber, S., Sehgal, A., Stelte, B., et al. (2013) · International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM) · doi:10.1109/cnsm.2013.6727823 · Cited by 34
“To avoid proprietary systems leading to non-interoperable devices, the IETF developed the RPL routing protocol to address routing in Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs) in a standard way [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialIoT–Cloud collaboration to establish a secure connection for lightweight devices
Park, J., Kwon, H., & Kang, N. (2016) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-015-1182-y · Cited by 34
“For these reason, DTLS based secure communication is preferred in a highly constrained environment, and DTLS is considered the de-facto security protocol for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) because it is based on UDP [5].”
Gao, W., Nguyen, J. H., Yu, W., Lu, C., Ku, D., & Hatcher, W. G. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2717386 · Cited by 34
“To address this issue, the constrained application protocol (CoAP) [10] has been proposed.”
MethodSurvey of Standardized Protocols for the Internet of Things
Florea, I. M., Rughinis, R. V., Ruse, L., & Dragomir, D. (2017) · International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science · doi:10.1109/cscs.2017.33 · Cited by 35
Security and privacy for IoT and fog computing paradigm
Rauf, A., Shaikh, R. A., & Shah, A. (2018) · Learning and Technology Conference (L&T) · doi:10.1109/lt.2018.8368491 · Cited by 34
“IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) proposed and designed CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) for such environment keeping in view the resource limitations [9].”
BackgroundA Distributed Systems Perspective on Industrial IoT
Iwanicki, K. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) · doi:10.1109/icdcs.2018.00116 · Cited by 34
“The end-to-end integration of the various components comprising industrial IoT systems requires application layer protocols, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [15].”
MethodA Secured Data Management Scheme for Smart Societies in Industrial Internet of Things Environment
Babar, M., Khan, F., Iqbal, W., Yahya, A., Arif, F., Tan, Z., & Chuma, J. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2861421 · Cited by 34
CI-DPF: A Cloud IoT based Framework for Diabetes Prediction
Kaur, P., Sharma, N. V., Singh, A., & Gill, B. (2018) · IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) · doi:10.1109/iemcon.2018.8614775 · Cited by 34
“c) CoAP [29]: The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a particular web exchange protocol for utilizing with constrained nodes and networks in the IoT.”
BackgroundCongestion Control in CoAP Observe Group Communication
Suwannapong, C., & Khunboa, C. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19153433 · Cited by 34
IoT-Connect: An Interoperability Framework for Smart Home Communication Protocols
Farooq, M. O., Wheelock, I., & Pesch, D. (2019) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2019.2941393 · Cited by 34
Cena, G., Demartini, C. G., Vakili, M. G., et al. (2020) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102199 · Cited by 34
Middleware for smart gateways connecting sensornets to the internet
Bimschas, D., Hellbrück, H., Mietz, R., Pfisterer, D., Römer, K., & Teubler, T. (2010) · doi:10.1145/1890784.1890787 · Cited by 35
A Lightweight SOAP over CoAP Transport Binding for Resource Constraint Networks
Moritz, G., Golatowski, F., & Timmermann, D. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS) · doi:10.1109/mass.2011.101 · Cited by 33
Low power link layer security for IoT: Implementation and performance analysis
Altolini, D., Lakkundi, V., Bui, N., Tapparello, C., & Rossi, M. (2013) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2013.6583680 · Cited by 33
“In our implementation, the shaded modules are mandatory to enable basic connectivity (providing IPv6 support, physical and link layer technology), while the unshaded modules are optional, and provide more advanced functionalities such as CoAP [9] to handle application layer messages and RPL [10] to permit routing of p…”
MethodStandardized Low-Power Wireless Communication Technologies for Distributed Sensing Applications
Vilajosana, X., Tuset‐Peiró, P., Vázquez-Gallego, F., et al. (2014) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140202663 · Cited by 33
Fine-Grained Support of Security Services for Resource Constrained Internet of Things
Ban, H. J., Choi, J., & Kang, N. (2016) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1155/2016/7824686 · Cited by 33
“Considering the resource constrained characteristics, the IETF specified the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [7].”
MethodSmartOrBAC security and privacy in the Internet of Things
Bouij-Pasquier, I., Ouahman, A. A., Kalam, A. A. E., et al. (2015) · doi:10.1109/aiccsa.2015.7507098 · Cited by 33
“Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP).”
MethodA Middleware Infrastructure for Utility-Based Provisioning of IoT Cloud Systems
Nastić, S., Truong, H., & Dustdar, S. (2016) · IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC) · doi:10.1109/sec.2016.35 · Cited by 31
“It mainly relies on semantic web technologies and CoAP [39] to enable web of things and linked sensory data.”
BackgroundExperimental Characterization of Mobile IoT Application Latency
Pereira, C., Pinto, A., Ferreira, D., & Aguiar, A. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2689682 · Cited by 35
“In any case, alternatives to the TCP three-way handshake could be the use of UDP and CoAP.”
MethodInfluentialSecuring the Internet of Things: A Meta-Study of Challenges, Approaches, and Open Problems
Hossain, M., Hasan, R., & Skjellum, A. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW) · doi:10.1109/icdcsw.2017.78 · Cited by 33
“The Constrained application protocol (CoAP) [13], a new proposed standard for the IoT, runs over UDP and implements the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) to achieve end to end security.”
MethodDetection and Prevention of Routing Attacks in Internet of Things
Choudhary, S., & Kesswani, N. (2018) · doi:10.1109/trustcom/bigdatase.2018.00219 · Cited by 33
“4 [5], CoAP [9] etc.”
A mulsemedia framework for delivering sensory effects to heterogeneous systems
Saleme, E. B., Santos, C. A. S., & Ghinea, G. (2019) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-019-00618-8 · Cited by 33
“CoAP is a transfer protocol designed for use with constrained environments, that is, systems with restricted conditions [54].”
BackgroundMethodAlhaidari, F. A., & Alqahtani, E. J. (2020) · Journal of Communications · doi:10.12720/jcm.15.1.14-30 · Cited by 34
“Among these application protocols are: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [4], [5], Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [6], Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) [7], Data Distribution Services (DDS) [8], ZigBee [9], UPnP [10], DPWS [11]).”
MethodMultiFuzz: A Coverage-Based Multiparty-Protocol Fuzzer for IoT Publish/Subscribe Protocols
Zeng, Y., Lin, M., Guo, S., et al. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185194 · Cited by 33
“For example, the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol [21] uses the publish/subscribe model as its core design, and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [22] supports to “observe” resources (a similar publish/subscribe model) by using a protocol extension [23].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKolisnyk, M. (2021) · RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS · doi:10.32620/reks.2021.1.12 · Cited by 33
Providing IoT Services in Smart Cities through Dynamic Augmented Reality Markers
Chaves-Diéguez, D., Pellitero-Rivero, A., García-Coego, D., et al. (2015) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s150716083 · Cited by 33
IoT-Grid: IoT Communication for Smart DC Grids
Tanyingyong, V., Olsson, R., Cho, J.-W., et al. (2016) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2016.7841917 · Cited by 33
“As the technology is being developed, many IoT communication protocols (such as CoAP [4], MQTT [5], XMPP [6]) have been proposed as IoT standards.”
MethodDistributed resource directory architecture in Machine-to-Machine communications
Liu, M., Leppänen, T., Harjula, E., et al. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2013.6673379 · Cited by 32
“, smartphone use HTTP and wireless sensors use Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [6]), which increases the complexity of the resource directory.”
MethodA Resource Mobility Scheme for Service-Continuity in the Internet of Things
Ganz, F., Li, R., Barnaghi, P. M., & Harai, H. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/greencom.2012.48 · Cited by 33
“g the IETF CoAp protocol [4] that supports communication with resource constrained devices via RESTful services.”
MethodCongestion control for CoAP cloud services
Betzler, A., Gómez, C., Demirkol, I., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1109/etfa.2014.7005340 · Cited by 32
“The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [12] provides a modular protocol suite that brings RESTful Web services to the IoT, and also enriches the Web with indispensable features for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.”
BackgroundAccurate Energy Consumption Modeling of IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH Using Dual-Band OpenMote Hardware
Daneels, G., Municio, E., de Velde, B. V., et al. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18020437 · Cited by 32
“As such, the OpenWSN firmware provides a complete protocol stack based on IoT standards such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN), Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network (RPL) and Constrained Application Protocol (COAP) [12–14], as shown in Figure 2.”
MethodA functional taxonomy of caching schemes: Towards guided designs in information-centric networks
Khandaker, F., Oteafy, S., Hassanein, H. S., & Farahat, H. (2019) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106937 · Cited by 31
Imran, I., Ahmad, S., & Kim, D. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11205849 · Cited by 32
Gondim, J. J. C., Albuquerque, R. D. O., & Orozco, A. L. S. (2020) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.01.024 · Cited by 32
Internet of Green Things with autonomous wireless wheel robots against green houses and farms
Ram, C. R. S., Ravimaran, S., Krishnan, R. S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1177/1550147720923477 · Cited by 32
STRIDE: Scalable and Secure Over-The-Air Software Update Scheme for Autonomous Vehicles
Ghosal, A., Halder, S., & Conti, M. (2020) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc40277.2020.9148649 · Cited by 32
“We also assumed that OEM and vehicle communicates with each other through cloud using the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [20].”
MethodWhy not keep your personal data secure yet private in IoT?: Our lightweight approach
Bose, T., Bandyopadhyay, S., Ukil, A., Bhattacharyya, A., & Pal, A. (2015) · International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing · doi:10.1109/issnip.2015.7106942 · Cited by 32
“• A candidate lightweight application protocol CoAP [5] for exchanging smart-meter data, which is considered as the de facto Web-enablement application protocol available from the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) for loT systems.”
MethodCommunication Issues in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Bello, O., & Zeadally, S. (2013) · Computer communications and networks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5164-7_10 · Cited by 32
Clustering Approaches for Pragmatic Two‐Layer IoT Architecture
Kumar, J. S., & Zaveri, M. A. (2018) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2018/8739203 · Cited by 32
“An IoT layer device comprises IP-enabled devices with IoT protocol stack which is significant in nature, because the IoT protocol stack [40] has been introduced to operate in energy-constrained environment at any layer in the network hierarchy, that is, at data link using IEEE 802.15.4e [41], networking using 6LowPAN…”
ResultInfluentialLeveraging BIM Interoperability for UWB-Based WSN Planning
Tomasi, R., Sottile, F., Pastrone, C., et al. (2015) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2451736 · Cited by 31
“0 standard definition language [16] and generate working WSN application code automatically compatible with the CoAP stack [17].”
Method6lo-RFID: A Framework for Full Integration of Smart UHF RFID Tags into the Internet of Things
Farris, I., Pizzi, S., Merenda, M., Molinaro, A., Carotenuto, R., & Iera, A. (2017) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.2017.1600269 · Cited by 31
“The Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) WG has defined CoAP [7], a lightweight application-layer protocol intended to run on constrained IP networks for accessing and manipulating simple devices’ resources through a RESTful approach.”
MethodPerformance Evaluation of Video Streaming Application Over CoAP in IoT
Rahman, W. U., Choi, Y.-S., & Chung, K. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2907157 · Cited by 31
Enhancing Internet of Things Security using Software-Defined Networking
Alzahrani, B. A., & Fotiou, N. (2020) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2020.101779 · Cited by 31
“The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [1] aims to become the HTTP equivalent for the IoT.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBDDT: use blockchain to facilitate IoT data transactions
Li, H., Pei, L., Liao, D., Wang, X., Xu, D., & Sun, J. (2020) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-020-03119-w · Cited by 31
“In local IoT, data transmission is performed between IoT devices through an IoT communication protocol such as COAP [20].”
MethodInfluentialMQTT-SN, CoAP, and RTP in wireless IoT real-time communications
Herrero, R. (2020) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-020-00674-5 · Cited by 31
A survey on IoT application layer protocols
Hamid, H. G., & Alisa, Z. T. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1663-1672 · Cited by 31
Implementation and evaluation of the information flow control for the Internet of Things
Nakamura, S., Enokido, T., & Takizawa, M. (2021) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6311 · Cited by 31
Performance Evaluation of a Satellite Communication-Based MEC Architecture for IoT Applications
LUGLIO, M., Marchese, M., Patrone, F., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3199330 · Cited by 31
“CoAP [34] Studies have been carried out to evaluate the employment of MQTT and CoAP in the satellite backhaul case [35].”
MethodFacilitating Sensor Deployment, Discovery and Resource Access Using Embedded Web Services
Ishaq, I., Hoebeke, J., Rossey, J., Poorter, E. D., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2012) · International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS) · doi:10.1109/imis.2012.48 · Cited by 31
Enabling the Internet of Arctic Things With Freely-Drifting Small-Satellite Swarms
Palma, D., & Birkeland, R. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2881088 · Cited by 31
Operating Systems for Internet of Things
Chandra, T. B., Verma, P., & Dwivedi, A. K. (2016) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS) · doi:10.1145/2905055.2905105 · Cited by 30
Scripting Over-The-Air: Towards Containers on Low-end Devices in the Internet of Things
Baccelli, E., Doerr, J., Kikuchi, S., et al. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomw.2018.8480277 · Cited by 30
Access control in IoT environments: Feasible scenarios
Andaloussi, Y., Ouadghiri, D. E., Maurel, Y., Bonnin, J., & Chaoui, H. (2018) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.144 · Cited by 31
bIoTope: Building an IoT Open Innovation Ecosystem for Smart Cities
Javed, A., Sylvain Kubler, A., Malhi, A. K., Nurminen, A., Robert, J., & Främling, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3041326 · Cited by 33
Lightweight and Secure Mutual Authentication Scheme for IoT Devices Using CoAP Protocol
Oliver, S. G., & Purusothaman, T. (2021) · Computer Systems Science and Engineering · doi:10.32604/csse.2022.020888 · Cited by 30
“DTLS is same as TLS but with some added functionalities to handle unreliable communication of UDP [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialIoT-Sentry: A Cross-Layer-Based Intrusion Detection System in Standardized Internet of Things
Kamaldeep, Malik, M., Dutta, M., et al. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3124886 · Cited by 30
Survey on Congestion Control Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks
Dashkova, E., & Gurtov, A. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32686-8_7 · Cited by 30
Marino, F., Moiso, C., & Petracca, M. (2018) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.11.011 · Cited by 30
Physical Unclonable Function and Hashing Are All You Need to Mutually Authenticate IoT Devices
Ahmed, M., Lee, S. J., & Peker, Y. K. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20164361 · Cited by 30
Kalla, A., Prombage, P., & Liyanage, M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119527978.ch1 · Cited by 37
A survey on security enhancing Digital Twins: Models, applications and tools
Qureshi, A., Asensio, A., Imran, M. A., García, J., & Masip‐Bruin, X. (2025) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2025.108158 · Cited by 33
Clayman, S., & Galis, A. (2011) · doi:10.1145/2079353.2079355 · Cited by 29
Communication technologies for smart metering infrastructure
Khan, M. F., Jain, A., Arunachalam, V., et al. (2014) · IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science · doi:10.1109/sceecs.2014.6804427 · Cited by 29
“IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [6] designed specifically for machine-to-machine application scenario is emerging as an open application layer specification for constrained nodes.”
BackgroundLightweight DTLS implementation in CoAP-based Internet of Things
Lakkundi, V., & Singh, K. (2014) · International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM) · doi:10.1109/adcom.2014.7103240 · Cited by 29
“One such protocol is Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) [2], which additionally has inbuilt binding within Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [3], which is a specialized web transfer protocol intended to be used by constrained devices in IoT.”
MethodResponsive Decentralized Composition of Service Mashups for the Internet of Things
Ciortea, A., Boissier, O., Zimmermann, A., & Florea, A. M. (2016) · International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT) · doi:10.1145/2991561.2991573 · Cited by 28
“Most notably, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [25] enables the direct integration into the Web of devices with as little as 100 KiB of ROM and 10 KiB of RAM [13].”
BackgroundEnabling distributed manufacturing resources through SOA: The REST approach
Espí-Beltrán, J. V., Gilart-Iglesias, V., & Fernández, D. R. (2016) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2016.09.007 · Cited by 29
An interoperable IP based WSN for smart irrigation system
Abedin, Z., Chowdhury, A. S., Hossain, M. S., et al. (2017) · IEEE Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) · doi:10.1109/ccnc.2017.8013434 · Cited by 29
“The purpose of this research is to develop a smart irrigation system using 6LoWPAN wireless sensor network [8][9][10][11][12][13] and analyze the performances of the WSN.”
MethodInternet of Things: A review to support IoT architecture's design
Saadeh, H. K., Almobaideen, W. A., & Sabri, K. E. (2017) · doi:10.1109/it-dreps.2017.8277803 · Cited by 29
“CoAP is compatible with HTTP through proxies that run on one side with CoAP and with HTTP on the other side [19], [27], [28].”
MethodAn AAA solution for securing industrial IoT devices using next generation access control
Kolluru, K. K., Paniagua, C., van Deventer, J., Eliasson, J., Delsing, J., & DeLong, R. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) · doi:10.1109/icphys.2018.8390799 · Cited by 33
“Communications between the IoT devices and the AAA system in the current work uses CoAP’s Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) [9] for secure communications.”
MethodInfluentialOn the Feasibility of Attribute-Based Encryption on Constrained IoT Devices for Smart Systems
Girgenti, B., Perazzo, P., Vallati, C., Righetti, F., Dini, G., & Anastasi, G. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing · doi:10.1109/smartcomp.2019.00057 · Cited by 32
“An example is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [1], which is an application protocol tailored to allow applications to communicate with constrained devices.”
MethodMaintaining interoperability in open source software: A case study of the Apache PDFBox project
Butler, S., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T., Feist, J., & Lönroth, E. (2019) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.110452 · Cited by 31
“…implementation of the Open Mobile Alliance’s (OMA, 2019) lightweight machine to machine (LWM2M) protocol in Leshan (Eclipse Foundation, 2019b) and Wakaama (Eclipse Foundation, 2019c), and the constrained application protocol (CoAP) (Shelby et al., 2014) in Californium (Eclipse Foundation, 2019a).”
BackgroundAdding QoS support for timeliness to the observe extension of CoAP
Ludovici, A., García-Villegas, E., Gimeno, X., et al. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2012.6379074 · Cited by 29
A Novel Runtime Verification Solution for IoT Systems
İnçki, K., & Arı, İ. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2813887 · Cited by 29
“As for the CoAP specifications [8], a set of interoperability tests was selected.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSecurity of Internet of Things for a Reliable Internet of Services
Arış, A., Oktuğ, S., & Voigt, T. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90415-3_13 · Cited by 29
“D/DoS attacks which may target Transport and Application Layers are flooding, desynchronization, SYN flood, protocol parsing, processing URI, proxying and caching, risk of amplification, cross-procotol and IP address spoofing attacks [21, 50].”
BackgroundMethodA Group-Oriented DTLS Handshake for Secure IoT Applications
Park, C.-S., & Park, W.-S. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2018.2855640 · Cited by 29
“due to its lightweight protocol stack, while the constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a new alternative standard protocol [3] that implements the same principals as the hypertext transfer protocol but is tailored toward constrained devices.”
MethodMQTT Service Broker for Enabling the Interoperability of Smart City Systems
Zabašta, A., Kunicina, N., Kondratjevs, K., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1109/es2de.2018.8494341 · Cited by 29
Akpakwu, G. A., Hancke, G. P., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. M. I. (2019) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.3822 · Cited by 29
“The RTO overall is estimated using Equation (2). where SRTT x is given in Equation (3) as ( In subsequent transmissions, the SRTT is measured using strong, weak, and failed RTT over the last four (re)transmissions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrayogo, S. S., Mukhlis, Y., & Yakti, B. K. (2019) · International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC) · doi:10.1109/icic47613.2019.8985850 · Cited by 29
Performance evaluation of end-to-end security protocols in an Internet of Things
Rubertis, A. D., Mainetti, L., Mighali, V., et al. (2013) · International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM) · doi:10.1109/softcom.2013.6671893 · Cited by 28
“In recent times, the development of specific protocols for constrained networks, such as 6LoWPAN [2] and CoAP [3], has made WSNs easily accessible via the public Internet, thus favoring the assertion of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept, but, at the same time, exposing them to new security threats.”
BackgroundDuy, T. P., Dinh, N.-T., & Kim, Y. (2016) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1177/1550147716659424 · Cited by 28
Exploiting ICN for Realizing Service-Oriented Communication in IoT
Chen, J., Li, S., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Raychaudhuri, D., Ravindran, R., Gao, H., Dong, L., Wang, G., & Liu, H. (2016) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2016.1600405cm · Cited by 28
“However, the existing (IP-based) networks [1, 2] only focus on the endpoints that are involved in data communication, and are hence inherently ill-suited to support a service-centered architecture.”
BackgroundManagement architecture for heterogeneous IoT devices in home network
Pham, V. C., Lim, Y., & Tan, Y. (2016) · IEEE Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE) · doi:10.1109/gcce.2016.7800448 · Cited by 28
“To validate the feasibility of proposed architecture, a prototype to manage a home network which contains ECHONET LITE [11] devices and CoAP [12] enabled devices was developed.”
BackgroundMethodLow-Cost Standard Signatures for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
Ateniese, G., Bianchi, G., Capossele, A., et al. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2994603 · Cited by 28
“Support for ECDSA is also included in CoAP, which is being standardized as an application layer protocol for the IoT [Shelby et al. 2013].”
MethodComparison of CoAP and CoCoA+ congestion control mechanisms for different IoT application scenarios
Ancillotti, E., & Bruno, R. (2017) · Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications/IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications · doi:10.1109/iscc.2017.8024686 · Cited by 28
“The most relevant of such WGs are: i) 6LoWPAN, which is focusing on a convergence layer to enable IPv6 on constrained networks [3]; ii) ROLL, which is specifying RPL, a routing protocol for low power and lossy networks [4]; and iii) CoRE, which is designing CoAP, a specialised web transfer protocol for IoT devices [5].”
BackgroundMethodInternet of Things: A Survey on IoT Protocol Standards
Ponnusamy, K., & Rajagopalan, N. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6875-1_64 · Cited by 28
Performance Analysis of Multithreaded IoT Gateway
Banaie, F., Mišić, J., Mišić, V. B., et al. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2879467 · Cited by 28
“In this regards, constrained application protocol (CoAP) [8] has been proposed by IETF to”
MethodVegIoT Garden: a modular IoT Management Platform for Urban Vegetable Gardens
Codeluppi, G., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., & Ferrari, G. (2019) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor) · doi:10.1109/metroagrifor.2019.8909228 · Cited by 28
“More precisely, the proposed implementation of the VegIoT Garden is based on low-cost Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) devices and IoT-oriented communication protocols, including LoRa [4] (at physical layer) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [5] (at application layer).”
MethodCapability-Based Non-fungible Tokens Approach for a Decentralized AAA Framework in IoT
Omar, A. S., & Basir, O. (2020) · Advances in information security · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38181-3_2 · Cited by 27
A novel IoT-based health and tactical analysis model with fog computing
Karakaya, A., & Akleylek, S. (2021) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.342 · Cited by 27
“• CoAP (The Constrained Application Protocol): It is a web transport protocol that is specialized for 271 use in low power and loss networks with restricted nodes (Shelby et al., 2014).”
BackgroundNakamura, S., Enokido, T., & Takizawa, M. (2021) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2021.100423 · Cited by 28
CoSIP: A Constrained Session Initiation Protocol for the Internet of Things
Cirani, S., Picone, M., & Veltri, L. (2013) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45364-9_2 · Cited by 28
“One problem in reusing the current CoAP message format [4] is that in CoAP the 8-bit Code field is used to encode all possible request methods and response codes.”
MethodInfluentialAn analytics framework to detect compromised IoT devices using mobility behavior
Taneja, M. (2013) · doi:10.1109/ictc.2013.6675302 · Cited by 28
Chatty Things - Making the Internet of Things Readily Usable for the Masses with XMPP
Klauck, R., & Kirsche, M. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom) · doi:10.4108/icst.collaboratecom.2012.250464 · Cited by 28
“, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [12] or the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol [13]) focus on Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication to address and manage smart objects.”
BackgroundInteroperation among IoT Standards
Bandyopadhyay, S., Balamuralidhar, P., & Pal, A. (2013) · Journal of ICT Standardization · doi:10.13052/jicts2245-800x.12a9 · Cited by 28
Connecting the web with the web of things: lessons learned from implementing a CoAP-HTTP proxy
Lerche, C., Laum, N., Golatowski, F., et al. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS) · doi:10.1109/mass.2012.6708525 · Cited by 28
“But although RESTful web services are more simple in concept, HTTP and XML payloads were not designed to spare resources.”
BackgroundKey Management Systems for Large-Scale Quantum Key Distribution Networks
James, P., Laschet, S., Ramacher, S., & Torresetti, L. (2023) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1145/3600160.3605050 · Cited by 28
“often RESTful, using protocols such as CoAP and HTTP(S) [26], therefore CoAP [48], which is based on the REST architectural style [18] is discussed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInternet of things technology, research, and challenges: a survey
Vishwakarma, A. K., Chaurasia, S., Kumar, K., et al. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-19278-6 · Cited by 27
“CoAP uses an 8-bit microcontroller with memory elements, constrained network IPv6 rather than 6LoWPAN [28, 29].”
Computing the Retransmission Timeout in CoAP
Balandina, E., Koucheryavy, Y., & Gurtov, A. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40316-3_31 · Cited by 27
Reliable Middleware for Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks
Al-Roubaiey, A. A., Sheltami, T., Mahmoud, A. S. H., et al. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2893623 · Cited by 27
“[32] Z. Shelby, K. Hartke, and C. Bormann, The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), document RFC 7252, IETF, 2014.”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., & Bormann, C.
- Publisher
- RFC Editor
- Published
- 2014-06
- OpenAlex
- W2234639732
- Cited by
- 2,605
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 264 · 2018: 331 · 2017: 270 · 2016: 240 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 124
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
- Keywords
- CoAP, constrained networks, low-power wireless networks, 6LoWPAN, machine-to-machine communication, resource discovery, multicast, Uri, smart energy, building automation
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