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The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Abstract
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained (e.g., low-power, lossy) networks. The nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small amounts of ROM and RAM, while constrained networks such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) often have high packet error rates and a typical throughput of 10s of kbit/s. The protocol is designed for machine- to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. CoAP provides a request/response interaction model between application endpoints, supports built-in discovery of services and resources, and includes key concepts of the Web such as URIs and Internet media types. CoAP is designed to easily interface with HTTP for integration with the Web while meeting specialized requirements such as multicast support, very low overhead, and simplicity for constrained environments.
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“SCADA systems are geographically distributed.Hence their physical security is a big issue [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“These systems are expected to run without any interruption, so any patch or upgrade cannot be applied without compromising its productivity [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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Internet of Things for Smart Cities
Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A. P., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2014.2306328 · Cited by 6,385
“The CoAP protocol [29] overcomes these difficulties by proposing a binary format transported over UDP, handling only the retransmissions strictly required to provide a reliable service.”
BackgroundIoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges
Khan, M. A., & Salah, K. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022 · Cited by 2,488
The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues
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“In fact, current IoT communication protocols such as CoAP [13] already support secure channels through DTLS [14].”
BackgroundA Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges
Akpakwu, G. A., Silva, B. J., Hancke, G. P., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. M. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2779844 · Cited by 1,293
A survey of intrusion detection in Internet of Things
Zarpelão, B. B., Miani, R. S., Kawakani, C. T., & de Alvarenga, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.02.009 · Cited by 1,022
“…(CoRE) Working Group proposed CoAP to be a transfer protocol (such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP) for LLNs. CoAP allows request/ response transactions in LLNs as they occur in the traditional Web, enabling transmissions of gathered data from devices to users (Shelby et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSVELTE: Real-time intrusion detection in the Internet of Things
Raza, S., Wallgren, L., & Voigt, T. (2013) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2013.04.014 · Cited by 908
“If the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [6] is used in the IoT as an application protocol then end-to-end security between two applications can be provided with the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).”
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Standardized Protocol Stack for the Internet of (Important) Things
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“The full list of codes can be found at [32].”
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“CoAP Exploit: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [85] is an application layer protocol designed as a replication of the HTTP for the small devices of IoT to provide communication ability with the rest of the Internet.”
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“Though 6LoWPAN [89] and CoAP [90] progress toward reducing the gap by compressing IPV6 packets, there still remains the subtle difference.”
BackgroundCoAP: An Application Protocol for Billions of Tiny Internet Nodes
Bormann, C., Castellani, A. P., & Shelby, Z. (2012) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2012.29 · Cited by 652
Self-citationAn overview of the Internet of Things for people with disabilities
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“(CoAP) (Shelby et al., 2011).”
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“[229] IoT-based smart agriculture monitoring system - GPS - Sensors: soil moisture, temperature, PIR - Actuator: buzzer, relay - GSM - Wi-Fi N/A N/A - Android application for monitoring and control (+) Sensors and microcontroller interfaced successfully (–) Service layer (Cloud, AI, etc.”
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“A further step towards the integration of RFID technology and platforms in IoT systems is represented by the achievements of studies (still ongoing) focusing on inclusion of the RFID technology in CoAP [53].”
A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application
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Internet of Things (IoT) Cybersecurity Research: A Review of Current Research Topics
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“Based on a new standard for the IoT [64], DTLS-based”
Internet of Things: Security vulnerabilities and challenges
Andrea, I., Chrysostomou, C., & Hadjichristofi, G. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC) · doi:10.1109/iscc.2015.7405513 · Cited by 520
“1 [14] and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [15].”
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“Years ago, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) [29], Routing Over Low-power and Lossy networks (ROLL) [50], and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [49] to equip constrained devices with lowmemory footprint and computational capa…”
BackgroundMethodRouting Attacks and Countermeasures in the RPL-Based Internet of Things
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“Further, since connection-oriented web protocols such as HTTP or HTTPs are designed to be used over TCP, a new protocol, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [10], is being standardized for the IoT.”
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Mainetti, L., Patrono, L., & Vilei, A. (2011) · AIRUS · Cited by 459
Access control in the Internet of Things: Big challenges and new opportunities
Ouaddah, A., Mousannif, H., Kalam, A. A. E., & Ouahman, A. A. (2016) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2016.11.007 · Cited by 462
Structural Health Monitoring Framework Based on Internet of Things: A Survey
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“Its architecture and application are shown in [22], [81], and [83]–[87].”
BackgroundMethodA Survey on Technologies, Standards and Open Challenges in Satellite IoT
Centenaro, M., Costa, C. E., Granelli, F., Sacchi, C., & Vangelista, L. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3078433 · Cited by 448
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“The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) (Shelby et al. 2014) has been utilized for low-resource constrained IoT devices and networks.”
Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Survey
Perera, C., Qin, Y., Estrella, J. C., Reiff-Marganiec, S., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2018) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3057266 · Cited by 459
“Resource discovery support is built into CoAP.”
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Dizdarević, J., Carpio, F., Jukan, A., & Masip-Bruin, X. (2019) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3292674 · Cited by 423
“This protocol was designed by the Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) working group of IETF [43] for the use in constrained devices with limited processing capabilities.”
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Tewari, A., & Gupta, B. B. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.04.027 · Cited by 418
IoT Privacy and Security Challenges for Smart Home Environments
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“CoAP [22] is a HTTP-like application layer protocol designed for constrained device networks.”
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“The current draft specifies a binding of CoAP to DTLS to achieve security [6].”
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Heer, T., García-Morchón, Ó., Hummen, R., Keoh, S. L., Kumar, S., & Wehrle, K. (2011) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-011-0385-5 · Cited by 378
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“4 standard [327], [328], IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) standard [329], [330], and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [331], [332].”
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Esfahani, A., Μαντάς, Γ., Matischek, R., Saghezchi, F. B., Rodrı́guez, J., Bicaku, A., Maksuti, S., Tauber, M., Schmittner, C., & Bastos, J. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2737630 · Cited by 340
“CoAP clients after sending the requests using an URI, can receive as a response GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE resources from the server [25].”
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Wireless sensor network virtualization: A survey
Khan, I., Belqasmi, F., Glitho, R., Crespi, N., Morrow, M., & Polakos, P. (2015) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2015.2412971 · Cited by 326
“Recent IETF service discovery protocols like CoAP resource discovery [85], [86] and DNS-SD [87] can be used to design efficient discovery and publication solutions in resource-constrained environments.”
Cognitive Machine-to-Machine Communications for Internet-of-Things: A Protocol Stack Perspective
Aijaz, A., & Aghvami, A. H. (2015) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2015.2390775 · Cited by 317
“Last, but not the least, IETF CoAP (Constrained Application protocol) [19] will be adopted at the application layer.”
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Kim, J.-W., Lee, J., Kim, J., et al. (2013) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2013.100713.00203 · Cited by 325
“The IETF Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) working group has defined the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [79], which provides an application protocol to manipulate the resource of the constrained M2M devices networks and offers features for M2M applications, such as very low overheads, multicast support,…”
MethodMultimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
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“Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is proposed by IEEE 802.15.4 standard [66] to improve data packets delivery and to reduce overheads.”
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Kasinathan, P., Pastrone, C., Spirito, M. A., et al. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2013.6673419 · Cited by 321
“Some possible vulnerabilities are SYN flood, protocol parsing, processing URI, proxying and caching, risk of amplification, IP address spoofing attack, cross-protocol attacks [13].”
BackgroundRecent Advances in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Toward Efficient Management in IoT
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“For the IP based solutions, IETF2 takes the lead to standardize communication protocols for resource constrained devices and develop a number of Internet protocols, including IPv6 over Low power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) [8], Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) [9] and Constrained Ap…”
BackgroundA survey on physical unclonable function (PUF)-based security solutions for Internet of Things
Shamsoshoara, A., Korenda, A. R., Afghah, F., & Zeadally, S. (2020) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107593 · Cited by 352
“However, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [145] and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 3.”
MethodOpenWSN: a standards‐based low‐power wireless development environment
Watteyne, T., Vilajosana, X., Kerkez, B., et al. (2012) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.2558 · Cited by 310
“OpenWSN also supports CoAP [10], a protocol that enables RESTful interaction with individual motes, without the overhead of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and verbose nature of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).”
BackgroundEdgechain: an edge-IoT framework and prototype based on blockchain and smart contracts
Pan, J., Wang, J., Hester, A., Alqerm, I., Liu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2878154 · Cited by 297
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“The CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) [ , instead, provides RESTful-based capabilities [15], thus letting IoT share monitoring information to be used for industrial analytic according to the Internet paradigm.”
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Situation-Aware IoT Service Coordination Using the Event-Driven SOA Paradigm
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“posed in [25]–[27], and device management-oriented functions,”
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“Networks (LLN) [290]) and CoAP (a light-weight HTTPalike application protocol [291]) to aid ultra-low power and reliable mesh networking in Internet enabled WSN [287].”
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Bansal, S., & Kumar, D. (2020) · International Journal of Wireless Information Networks · doi:10.1007/s10776-020-00483-7 · Cited by 264
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On Optimal Scheduling in Duty-Cycled Industrial IoT Applications Using IEEE802.15.4e TSCH
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“However, as described by [80], the development of IDS datasets for IoT still needs to consider a broader scope of IoT technologies (including well-known protocols like CoAP [81]), as well as additional aspects (e.g., energy consumption) that can serve to identify potential attacks.”
BackgroundSafety and Security in Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet-of-Things Systems
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Management of resource constrained devices in the internet of things
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“While on the one hand brand new purpose-built protocols (such as CoAP [9]) could be used on top of the IPv6 infrastructure, on the other hand an existing protocol set could be implemented to provide interoperability with the existing infrastructure.”
MethodInfluentialRouting Attacks and Mitigation Methods for RPL-Based Internet of Things
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“munication model alone is not sucient to accommodate typical trac patterns in the IoT. Aside of pull, these patterns include for instance push paradigms (e.g., for actuators), and observe paradigms [46] whereby a node can register for updates from a given content producer (e.g., a sensor measuring the real-time evolut…”
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MethodDesigning a Smart City Internet of Things Platform with Microservice Architecture
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“munication model alone is not sucient to accommodate typical trac patterns in the IoT. Aside of pull, these patterns include for instance push paradigms (e.g., for actuators), and observe paradigms [46] whereby a node can register for updates from a given content producer (e.g., a sensor measuring the real-time evolut…”
BackgroundIETF Standardization in the Field of the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey
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“This leverages the OAuth Token Introspection mechanism in defining a protocol mapping to CoAP for resource-constrained devices.”
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Porambage, P., Schmitt, C., Kumar, P., Gurtov, A., & Ylianttila, M. (2014) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/wcnc.2014.6952860 · Cited by 228
“Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a mutual authentication scheme proposed for unreliable data transmission networks with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) links [11].”
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Bütün, İ., Österberg, P., & Song, H. (2020) · Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University) · Cited by 217
Smart farming: Agriculture's shift from a labor intensive to technology native industry
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An evaluation of low power wide area network technologies for the Internet of Things
Nolan, K. E., Guibène, W., & Kelly, M. Y. (2016) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2016.7577098 · Cited by 221
Trust Management Techniques for the Internet of Things: A Survey
Din, I. U., Guizani, M., Kim, B.-S., Hassan, S., & Khan, M. K. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2880838 · Cited by 212
A Survey on Resource Management in IoT Operating Systems
Musaddiq, A., Zikria, Y. B., Hahm, O., Yu, H., Bashir, A. K., & Kim, S. W. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2808324 · Cited by 200
IoT-Based Solid Waste Management Solutions: A Survey
Pardini, K., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Kozlov, S. A., Kumar, N., & Furtado, V. (2019) · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks · doi:10.3390/jsan8010005 · Cited by 199
“The COAP is an application layer protocol developed to support applications within IoT systems [93,94].”
MethodConvergence of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Wang, P., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Yan, Z., Evans, B. G., & Wang, W. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2963223 · Cited by 195
Fog computing based efficient IoT scheme for the Industry 4.0
Peralta, G., Iglesias-Urkia, M., Barceló, M., Gomez, R., Moran, A., & Bilbao, J. (2017) · IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM) · doi:10.1109/ecmsm.2017.7945879 · Cited by 198
“Due to the above, lightweight application layer protocols, such as MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [9] and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [10], are gaining momentum.”
The Contiki-NG open source operating system for next generation IoT devices
Oikonomou, G., Duquennoy, S., Elsts, A., et al. (2022) · SoftwareX · doi:10.1016/j.softx.2022.101089 · Cited by 190
Pattar, S., Buyya, R., Venugopal, K. R., Iyengar, S. S., & Patnaik, L. M. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2825231 · Cited by 189
“Some of them are Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Data Distribution Service (DDS) [20], Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) [21], Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) [22], and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [23].”
Backgroundqadir, Q. M., Rashid, T. A., Al-Salihi, N. K., Ismael, B., Kist, A. A., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883151 · Cited by 189
“IPv6 and the constrained application protocol (CoAP) [72] are two potential protocols for providing connectivity among LPWA devices regardless of their underlying radio technologies [36].”
MethodCalifornium: Scalable cloud services for the Internet of Things with CoAP
Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., & Shelby, Z. (2014) · International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT) · doi:10.1109/iot.2014.7030106 · Cited by 186
“Instead of adding the problems of compression to the problems of HTTP, the IETF designed a new Web protocol from scratch: the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [15].”
MethodSelf-citationVilajosana, X., Watteyne, T., Chang, T., et al. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2939407 · Cited by 185
“Typically, it contains the link-layer unique identifier of the pledge, from which a link-local IPv6 address can be derived, an UDP port number if different than the default CoAP port, and potentially a local interface identifier in case the JP has more than one network interface.”
MethodInfluentialObserving Resources in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Hartke, K. S. (2015) · doi:10.17487/rfc7641 · Cited by 185
Self-citationDistributed Capability-based Access Control for the Internet of Things.
Hernández-Ramos, J. L., Jara, A. J., Marín, L., & Skármeta, A. (2013) · Journal of Internet Services and Information Security · Cited by 183
An Open Framework for Participatory PM2.5 Monitoring in Smart Cities
Chen, L., Ho, Y.-H., Lee, H.-C., et al. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2723919 · Cited by 183
Congestion Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
Kafi, M. A., Djenouri, D., Ben‐Othman, J., et al. (2014) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2014.021714.00123 · Cited by 181
Palattella, M. R., & Grieco, L. (2015) · doi:10.17487/rfc7554 · Cited by 181
UML4IoT—A UML-based approach to exploit IoT in cyber-physical manufacturing systems
Thramboulidis, K., & Christoulakis, F. (2016) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2016.05.010 · Cited by 179
6LoWPAN Compressed DTLS for CoAP
Raza, S., Trabalza, D., & Voigt, T. (2012) · International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT) · doi:10.1109/dcoss.2012.55 · Cited by 174
“In the current CoAP draft [2] TLS ECDHE ECDSA WITH AES 128 CCM 8 is a mandatory cipher suit.”
BackgroundMethodSmart Lighting Solutions for Smart Cities
Castro, M., Jara, A. J., & Skármeta, A. (2013) · International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) · doi:10.1109/waina.2013.254 · Cited by 174
“This requires additional be enabled with embedded Web Services [9] through protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [10] built over the REST architecture.”
MethodA DTLS based end-to-end security architecture for the Internet of Things with two-way authentication
Kothmayr, T., Schmitt, C., Hu, W. S., Brünig, M., & Carle, G. (2012) · IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops) · doi:10.1109/lcnw.2012.6424088 · Cited by 168
“The current draft specifies a binding of CoAP to DTLS to achieve security [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., & Bormann, C.
- Publisher
- RFC Editor
- Published
- 2014-06
- OpenAlex
- W2234639732
- Cited by
- 2,605
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 264 · 2018: 331 · 2017: 270 · 2016: 240 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 124
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
- Keywords
- CoAP, constrained networks, low-power wireless networks, 6LoWPAN, machine-to-machine communication, resource discovery, multicast, Uri, smart energy, building automation
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