The Biopsychosocial Model of the Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Pain
Open accessAbstract
The biopsychosocial model has been demonstrated to be the most heuristic approach to chronic pain assessment, prevention, and treatment. Currently, this model also provides the best foundation for tailoring the most comprehensive pain management program for each specific patient. Chronic pain patients have an increased risk for developing deficits in physical functioning, emotional reactivity, and cognition. Interdisciplinary treatment, based on the biopsychosocial model, is vital to address these multifaceted issues facing chronic pain sufferers. These interdisciplinary pain management strategies have progressed with advancements in science and technology in an attempt to provide the best possible outcomes for pain patients. However, while research has made enormous advances, there are still some clinical research gaps to be addressed. This article will begin with a historical overview of pain management in order to demonstrate the evolution in theory from ancient practices to the modern biopsychosocial model. Additionally, functional restoration and other early interdisciplinary intervention programs will be highlighted for their importance and effectiveness in chronic pain management, assessment, and prevention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The biopsychosocial approach regards persistent pain as an illness rather than a disease, recognizing its subjective nature and emphasizing that treatments are aimed at managing rather than curing pain.
“The biopsychosocial approach regards persistent pain as an illness rather than a disease, recognizing its subjective nature and emphasizing that treatments are aimed at managing rather than curing pain [5,6].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pain mechanisms: a new theory.
Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.971 · Cited by 11,108 · see citing works
The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions.
Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N., & Turk, D. C. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581 · Cited by 3,392 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimates of Pain Prevalence and Severity in Adults: United States, 2012
Nahin, R. L. (2015) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: Past, present, and future.
Gatchel, R. J., McGeary, D. D., McGeary, C. A., & Lippe, B. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0035514 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine
Engel, G. L. (1978) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-409-95009-0.50006-1 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Gatchel, R. J., Polatin, P. B., & Mayer, T. G. (1995) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199512150-00011 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citationTheories of pain: from specificity to gate control.
Moayedi, M., & Davis, K. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00457.2012 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain.
Turk, D. C., & Monarch, E. S. (1996) · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Rosenman, R. H., Brand, R., Sholtz, R. I., & Friedman, M. (1976) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(76)90117-x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Mielck, A., Vogelmann, M., & Leidl, R. (2014) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-58 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Prescription opioid analgesics rapidly change the human brain
Younger, J., Chu, L. F., D’Arcy, N. T., Trott, K. E., Jastrzab, L. E., & Mackey, S. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.028 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
An evidence-based patient-centered method makes the biopsychosocial model scientific
Smith, R. C., Fortin, A. H., Dwamena, F. C., & Frankel, R. M. (2013) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.12.010 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Stress and Anxiety Across the Lifespan: Structural Plasticity and Epigenetic Regulation
Hunter, R. G., & McEwen, B. S. (2013) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.13.8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Traeger, A. C., Henschke, N., Hübscher, M., Williams, C. M., Kamper, S. J., Maher, C. G., Moseley, G. L., & McAuley, J. H. (2016) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002019 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A MODEL FOR PREDICTING CHRONIC TMD: PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN CLINICAL SETTINGS
Epker, J., Gatchel, R. J., & Ellis, E. (1999) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0058 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationCandidate Gene Studies of Human Pain Mechanisms
Belfer, I., Wu, T., Kingman, A., Krishnaraju, R. K., Goldman, D. A., Max, M. B., & Warltier, D. C. (2004) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200406000-00032 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Walking the tightrope: communicating overdiagnosis in modern healthcare
McCaffery, K. J., Jansen, J., Scherer, L. D., Thornton, H., Hersch, J. K., Carter, S. M., Barratt, A. L., Sheridan, S., Moynihan, R. N., Waller, J., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i348 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Pain and stress: A new perspective.
Melzack, R. (1999) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Whitfill, T. M., Haggard, R., Bierner, S. M., Pransky, G., Hassett, R. G., & Gatchel, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-010-9238-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationStill modern? Developing the biopsychosocial model for the 21st century
Henningsen, P. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.09.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rothman, M. G., Örtendahl, M., Rosenblad, A., & Johansson, A. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318250e544 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nackley, A. G., & Diatchenko, L. B. (2010) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-323-7_28 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
From genotype to phenotype. What do epigenetics and epigenomics tell us?
Biémont, C. (2010) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.66 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gatchel, R. J., Stowell, A. W., & Buschang, P. H. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLessons Learned from Native American Cancer Prevention, Control and Supportive Care Projects.
Burhansstipanov, L. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
(322) Sleep mediates the relationship between central sensitization and clinical pain
Burton, E., Campbell, C., Robinson, M., Bounds, S. C., Buenaver, L., & Smith, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Gatchel RJ, Ray CT, Kishino N, Brindle A, Volume IV: Special Issues in Health Psychology. In: E.A. Klonoff and L. Cohen, Editors. The Wiley encyclopedia of Health Psychology, New York US: John Wiley and Sons, in preparation.
- Summary of Featured Study From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research, Military Medicine, 2016;181:397-9.
- Taylor SE, What is Health Psychology? In: Health Psychology 9 ed, New York, US: McGraw Hill, 2015;3-9.
- Gatchel RJ, Schultz IZ, Eds, Health, Work & Disability. In: Handbook of Musculoskeletal Pain and Disability Disorders in the Workplace, New York, US: Springer, 2014;3-17.
- Loeser JD, Concepts of Pain. In: Stanton-Hicks J, Boaz R, Eds. Chronic Low Back Pain, New York, US: Raven Press, 1982;145-8.
- Gatchel RJ, Worzer WE, Brede E, et al., etiology of chronic pain and mental illness: the biopsychosocial component. part 1, Practical Pain Management, 2011;11:84-9.
- Brasch-Anderson C, Moller MU, Christiansen L, et al., A candidate Review Pain gene study of serotonergic pathway genes and pain relief during treatment with escitalopram in patients with neuropathic pain shows significant association to serotonin receptor2c (HTR2C), Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2011;67:1131-7.
- Gatchel RJ, Comorbidity of chronic mental and physical health disorders: The biopsychosocial perspective, Am Psychol, 2004;59:792-805.
- Woolf CJ, Central senstiization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain, Pain, 2011;152:S2-15.
- Ashley EA, The precision medicine initiative: A new national effort, JAMA, 2015;313:2119-20.
- Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Noe C, et al., Treatment-and cost- effectiveness of early intervention for acute low-back pain patients: a one-year prospective study, J Occup Rehabil, 2003;13:1-9.
- Stowell AW, Gatchel RJ, Wildenstein L, Cost analysis of temporomandibular disorders: biopsychosocial intervention versus treatment as usual, J Am Dent Assoc, 2007;138:202-8.
- Sanders C, et al., Differential treatment effects for TMJMD diagnostic groups in patients at-risk for developming chronicity: a two-year follow-up study, J Oral Facial Pain Headache, 2016;30:187-202.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chronic Pain: What Does It Mean? A Review on the Use of the Term Chronic Pain in Clinical Practice
Raffaeli, W., Tenti, M., Corraro, A., Malafoglia, V., Ilari, S., Balzani, E., & Bonci, A. (2021) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s303186 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The biopsychosocial model of pain 40 years on: time for a reappraisal?
Nicholas, M. K. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002654 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The biopsychosocial model of pain in physiotherapy: past, present and future
Smart, K. M. (2023) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2023.2177792 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Using Deep Learning and Resting-State fMRI to Classify Chronic Pain Conditions
Santana, A. N., Cifré, I., de Santana, C. N., & Montoya, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01313 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Moderators and Mediators of Activity Intolerance Related to Pain
Cremers, T., Khatiri, M. Z., van Maren, K., Ring, D., Teunis, T., & Fatehi, A. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.20.00241 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Craner, J. R., Lake, E. S., Bancroft, K. A., & George, L. L. (2020) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12824 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lo, H. H. M., Zhu, M., Zou, Z., Wong, C. L., Lo, S. H. S., Chung, V. C., Wong, S. Y. S., & Sit, R. W. S. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/48787 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Transitioning from Acute to Chronic Pain: An Examination of Different Trajectories of Low-Back Pain
Gatchel, R. J., Bevers, K., Licciardone, J. C., Su, J., Du, Y., & Brotto, M. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6020048 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationMacPherson, M., Bakker, A. M., Anderson, K., & Holtzman, S. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2022.2030212 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Al-Sabbah, S., Darwish, A., Fares, N., Barnes, J., & Almomani, J. A. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1875550 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Blakey, S. M., Halverson, T. F., Evans, M. K., Patel, T. A., Hair, L. P., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Beckham, J. C., Pugh, M. J., Calhoun, P. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.033 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Role of Occupational Therapy in Pain Management
American Occupational Therapy Association (2021) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2021.75s3001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, S., Lee, J., & Boone, D. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s340382 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chronic Pain Diagnosis Using Machine Learning, Questionnaires, and QST: A Sensitivity Experiment
Santana, A. N., de Santana, C. N., & Montoya, P. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10110958 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Tam, C. C., Zeng, C., & Li, X. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108311 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hestmann, R., Bratås, O., & Grønning, K. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09548-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zambelli, Z., Fidalgo, A., Halstead, E., & Dimitriou, D. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321995962 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Neuroimmune Interface and Chronic Pain Through the Lens of Production Animals
Johnston, C. H., Whittaker, A. L., Franklin, S. H., & Hutchinson, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.887042 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sokol, R. G., Pines, R. L., & Chew, A. (2021) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2648 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bakhshaie, J., Penn, T. M., Doorley, J. D., Pham, T. V., Greenberg, J., Bannon, S. M., Saadi, A., & Vranceanu, A. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.04.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chronic Pelvic Pain and the Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions in Women
Kumar, R., & Scott, K. M. (2020) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-020-00267-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kahere, M., & Ginindza, T. G. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039554 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Taheri, A. A., Parvizifard, A. A., Reisi, S., Jafari, M., Mohammadian, Y., Heshmati, K., Foroughi, A., Eivazi, M., & Ghasemi, M. (2023) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174231180855 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Esteve, R., Marcos, E., Reyes-Pérez, Á., López-Martínez, A. E., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Since the advent of the biopsychosocial model of pain, much research has addressed the role of the psychological factors involved in adjustment to chronic pain [10].”
BackgroundBeyond biopsychosocial: The keystone mechanism theory of pain
Lawn, T., Sendel, M., Baron, R., & Vollert, J. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Martorella, G., & McDougall, G. J. (2020) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2020.09.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reed, D. E., Cobos, B. A., Nabity, P. S., Doolin, J., & McGeary, D. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-72216-2.00015-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chronic pain concepts of pediatricians: a qualitative survey
Locher, C., Wörner, A., Carlander, M., Kossowsky, J., Dratva, J., & Koechlin, H. (2023) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001060 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Courtney, R. E., Schadegg, M. J., Bolton, R. E., Smith, S., & Harden, S. M. (2023) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shaygan, M., Bostanian, P., Zarmehrparirouy, M., Hassanipour, H., & Mollaie, M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00704-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Empower Veterans Program for Military Veterans With Chronic Pain
Uche (2022) · Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management · doi:10.12788/jcom.0089 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nejat, H., Mozafari-Motlagh, M. R., Toozandehjani, H., & Samari, A. (2019) · Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences · doi:10.4103/jnms.jnms_60_18 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Camacho, D., Burnette, D., Aranda, M., Moxley, J. H., Lukens, E. P., Reid, M. C., & Wethington, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1429739 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The link between traumatic stress and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A systematic scoping review
Ploesser, M., Silverman, S. S., Diaz, J. D. L., Zincke, M. T., & Taylor, M. B. (2024) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152558 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nguyen, N. P., Kim, S. Y., Daheim, J., & Neduvelil, A. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264320947293 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nurses’ experiences with health care in pain clinics: A qualitative study
Gjesdal, K., Dysvik, E., & Furnes, B. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Characterizing Pain Leading to Emergency Medical Services Activation in Heart Failure
Smith, A., Jung, M., Lee, C. S., & Pressler, S. J. (2021) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000878 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Trudel, P., & Cormier, S. (2023) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2023.2240073 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Necaise, A., & Amon, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45858 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Agoalikum, E., Wu, H., Klugah‐Brown, B., & Maes, M. H. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01070-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bults, R., van Dongen, J. M., Ostelo, R., Nijs, J., Keizer, D., & van Wilgen, C. P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12030885 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mbada, C. E., Adeniyi, O., Idowu, O. A., Fatoye, C., Odole, A. C., & Fatoye, F. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01322-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Martorella, G., Hanley, A. W., Pickett, S. M., & Gélinas, C. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30951 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Malhotra, D., Boyle, S. H., Gifford, E. J., Sullivan, B. A., Wenker, T. N., Nono‐Djotsa, A. B. S., Ahmed, S. T., Upchurch, J., Vahey, J. M., Stafford, C. L., et al. (2023) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14548 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chronic, Noncancer Pain Care in the Veterans Administration
Courtney, R. E., & Schadegg, M. J. (2023) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Incorporating personal narratives in positive psychology interventions to manage chronic pain
Georgiadis, E. M., & Johnson, M. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1253310 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thomas, M., Führes, H., Scheer, M., Rampp, S., Strauss, C., Schönfeld, R., & Leplow, B. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14010075 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial approach to male chronic pelvic pain syndrome: recent treatments and trials
Sandler, M. D., Ledesma, B. R., Thomas, J., Ben-Ezra, L., Lokeshwar, S. D., Paz, L. A., White, J. T., Ramasamy, R., & Masterson, T. A. (2023) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qead038 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
van de Graaf, D. L., Mols, F., Smeets, T., Trompetter, H. R., & van der Lee, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01466-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dickens, H., Bruehl, S. P., Rao, U., Myers, H. F., Goodin, B. R., Huber, F. A., Nag, S., Carter, C., Karlson, C., Kinney, K. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01449-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Experience of Pregnancy-Related Lumbopelvic Pain: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Buin, L., Joaquim, R. H. V. T., Strong, J., & Robinson, K. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/00084174231172037 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fong, H. P.-Y., Choi, S. Y.-K., Leung, M. K.-W., Lo, H. H. M., Wang, B., Wong, S. Y. S., & Sit, R. W. S. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04669-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hildenbrand, A., Gordon, L. P., & Salamon, K. S. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104683 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychotherapy in pain management: New viewpoints and treatment targets based on a brain theory
Moss, R. A., & North Mississippi Regional Pain Consultants, 4. E. B. (2020) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2020013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Role of Occupational Therapy in Pain Management
American Occupational Therapy Association (2021) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.75s3001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Martorella, G., Hanley, A. W., Tong, H., Miao, H., Worts, P. R., Bellamy, D., & Ahn, H. B. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02329-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zimney, K. J., Louw, A., Roosa, C., Maiers, N., Sumner, K., & Cox, T. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102682 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lipat, A. L., Peterson, J. A., Murillo, B. C., Clark, D. J., & Cruz‐Almeida, Y. (2023) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.05.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rhudy, J. L., Kell, P. A., Brown, T. V., Ventresca, H. M., Vore, C. N., Trevino, K. N., Jones, B. W., Lowe, T. S., & Shadlow, J. O. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003442 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jobski, K., Bantel, C., & Hoffmann, F. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-022-03431-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biomarkers of chronic nonspecific pain syndrome: A cross-sectional hospital-based pilot study
Goel, D., Garg, S., Srivastav, M., Gupta, S., & Kaur, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Pain · doi:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_4_20 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Integrated pain care models and the importance of aligning stakeholder values
Hooten, W. M., Bačkonja, M., Williams, K., Sturgeon, J. A., Gross, J. B., Borodianski, S., Wang, V. C., Tuan, W., Zgierska, A. E., Moeller‐Bertram, T., et al. (2024) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001160 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lidocaine infusions in chronic pain management: A prospective case series analysis
Vacher, E., Kosela, M., Song-Smith, C., Morell-Ducos, F., & Fayaz, A. (2021) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637211054198 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comprehensive Evaluation for Chronic Pain
Fidler, S. K. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.02.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nation-wide decrease in the prevalence of pediatric chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic
Aluko, B., Mitchell, A. N., Tumin, D., & Zeldin, E. R. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2022-0102 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cao, L., & Deusen, J. V. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1257141 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How does art making work? Testing the hypothesized mechanisms of art making on pain experience
Kim, K. S., Kwekkeboom, K. L., & Kim, J. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101200 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jäger, M., Terry, J., & Rance, J. (2021) · International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2021.12.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“biopsychosocial approach regards persistent pain as an illness rather than a disease, recognizing its subjective nature and emphasizing that treatments are aimed at managing rather than curing pain [5,6].”
Background|FES-Zaragoza, U. N. A. D. M., Aguirre, S. N. V., & Medina, D. A. R. (2018) · doi:10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.4.2.2018.183.195-213 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Munneke, W., Demoulin, C., Roussel, N. A., Leysen, M., van Wilgen, C. P., Pitance, L., Reezigt, R. R., Voogt, L. P., Dankaerts, W., Danneels, L. A., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.100592 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effect of deep diaphragmatic breathing on pain in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers
Rezaei, M., Salari, N., Aznab, M., Jasmi, S. V., Abdi, A., & Shohaimi, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40283 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Roubea, I., & Korakakis, V. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Beginning Psychotherapist's Companion
Willer, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197670910.001.0001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Belton, S., & Sheridan, K. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70227 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liddiard, K. J., Brown, C. A., & Raynor, A. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161655 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Knowledge, attitudes and practice of clinicians managing chronic pain in a tertiary care facility
Rop, S., Matheri, J. M., & Tawa, N. (2022) · South African Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1597 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lomanowska, A. M., Tahir, R., Choo, C., Zhu, S., Wang, D. Y., Slepian, P. M., Katz, J. D., & Clarke, H. A. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12301-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transitioning from acute to chronic pain: a simulation study of trajectories of low back pain
Su, J., Du, Y., Bevers, K., Xiao, P., Licciardone, J. C., Brotto, M., & Gatchel, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-019-2030-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationRider, J. V., & Smith, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20882-9_34 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Locher, C., Petignat, M., Wagner, C., Hediger, K., Roth, B., Gaab, J., & Koechlin, H. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s394270 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bujak, B. K., Blake, C. E., Beattie, P., Harrington, S., Monroe, C. M., Wilkie, D., & Earwood, M. E. (2020) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2019-0058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Santos‐Iglesias, P., Estey, J. L., Crump, L., LaChapelle, D. L., & Byers, E. S. (2024) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae120 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lee, C., Kwoh, C. K., Park, J., Park, L., & Ahn, H. B. (2025) · Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal · doi:10.2196/64415 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chronic lower back pain in adults with cerebral palsy: Stigma, anxiety, and physical decline
Stutzbach, J. A., Sarmiento, C. A., Kenkre, T. S., Oleszek, J. L., Wisniewski, S. R., & Gannotti, M. E. (2025) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16357 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An Italian Twin Study of Non-Cancer Chronic Pain as a Wide Phenotype and Its Intensity
Fagnani, C., Toccaceli, V., Tenti, M., Medda, E., Ferri, M., Stazi, M. A., & Raffaeli, W. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58111522 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Roadmap to the ‘Chronic Pain GPS for Adolescents’ Intervention
Linkiewich, D., Dib, K., Forgeron, P. A., Dick, B. D., & McMurtry, C. M. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001201 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mayer, J. M., Verna, J. L., Hubka, M., Phelps, B., Wolfinger, C., & Lane, C. L. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.62189 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Body image, sex, gender, and pain: towards an improved understanding of pain mechanisms
Kaya, B., Boerner, K. E., Lord, R. C., Potter, E., Dale, C., & Moayedi, M. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003309 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Seth, M., Vieni, K., Hottinger, K., & Bentley, K. S. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13325 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aldera, M. (2024) · International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice · doi:10.62464/ijoprp.v3i10.57 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial risk factors for pain in early phases of pediatric cancer treatment
Klages, K. L., James, R. N., Kain, Z. N., Phipps, S., Alberts, N. M., & Fortier, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1507560 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pope, N., Drumm, N., Birnie, K. A., Noel, M. E., Berryman, C. F., Ferencz, N., Killackey, T., MacNeil, M., Zientek, D., Surry, V., et al. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070911 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sheridan, K., MacNamara, Á., Whyte, E. F., & O’Connor, S. (2025) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/4608906 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hudson, T. R. (2020) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2020.07.011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bougar, M. R., Veiskarami, H. A., Khodarahimi, S., Izadpanah, A., Sadeghi, M., & Nazari, N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-021-09835-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grant-Freemantle, M. C., Moore, J., McBrien, D., Condon, F., & Harmon, D. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2022.12.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Young, N. D., & Brimeyer, C. T. (2022) · Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · doi:10.55275/jposna-2022-583 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Approach to Psychological Counseling from a Religious Worldview
Serra, G. L. O. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01756-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ravn, S. L., Andersen, T. E., & Schiøttz‐Christensen, B. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06392-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patel, G., Brady, B., McMullan, M., & Tang, C. Y. (2024) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1856 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bevers, K., The University of Texas at Arlington, T., Watts, L., The University of Texas at Arlington, T., Kishino, N. D., West Coast Spine Restoration Center, R., Gatchel, R. J., & The University of Texas at Arlington, T.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Arlington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gatchel, Robert J
- Venue
- US Neurology
- Publisher
- Touch Medical Media, Ltd.
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 98
- ISSN
- 1758-4000 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2547809928
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- touchREVIEWS in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- biopsychosocial model, chronic pain, pain assessment, pain prevention, pain management, multidisciplinary pain management, functional restoration, history of pain management, physical function, emotional reactivity, cognitive impairment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
