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The Safe Futures Initiative at Chief Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION\nThis article will first describe the Puyallup Reservation in Tacoma-Pierce County, Washington, focusing on its urban context and the demographics of the multitribal community it serves. The authors will then consider the Chief Leschi Schools system (pre-K through 12) in historic perspective and in its contemporary form. The community and family risk factors associated with the escalating problem of alcohol/drug abuse and violence/youth violence in the surrounding urban community and within the Puyallup Reservation will be discussed. The impact of the broader urban alcohol/drug abuse and violence on Chief Leschi Schools and its children and families will then be analyzed. The tribal programmatic response to this situation and particularly the development and the evolution of the prevention programs, Positive Reinforcement in Drug Education (PRIDE) and Puyallups Against Violence (PAV) will be discussed. These programs were designed to provide positive alternative activities to American Indian and Alaska Native students and the general multitribal community. The current design of the alcohol-drug-violence-gang prevention program (Safe Futures) and the future goals and plans for this program will then be reviewed. Special attention will be placed on reviewing the risk factors and protective factors targeted for intervention through the Safe Futures Program. Finally, the relevance of this project to a selected sample of the research literature will be discussed. This article is based on an analysis of historic data and a set of interviews with school staff, prevention staff, and general Puyallup tribal employees.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article describes the Puyallup Reservation’s urban context and Chief Leschi Schools’ Safe Futures Initiative, a school-based tribal prevention program addressing alcohol/drug abuse, violence/gang violence, and crime. It reports risk-factor assessment and early outcome data suggesting improved attendance and reduced gang- and substance-related incidents after PRIDE/PAV/Safe Futures programming.
Key findings
- The Puyallup Reservation is highly urbanized and economically deprived: the December 1995 BIA report showed Native American unemployment at 69 percent, and during 1995–96, 95 percent of Chief Leschi students qualified for free or reduced-cost lunches.
- Gang and violence indicators were severe: Chief Leschi Middle and High Schools documented 196 gang-related incidents in 1993–94; 12 of 76 middle school students (15.8 percent) and 44 of 105 high school students (41.9 percent) were identified as gang members.
- After PAV/PRIDE programming, high-school attendance improved from 74 to 84 percent between 1994–95 and 1995–96 (13.5 percent improvement); gang-related incidents fell from 1.02 to .27 per student between 1993–94 and 1995–96 (73.5 percent reduction); substance-abuse-related incidents fell from .10 to .05 per student (50 percent reduction).
- Safe Futures added multiple strategies, including PRIDE revision, teacher training, Natural Helpers, Parenting Plus/Positive Indian Parenting, year-round GED/high-school completion and night school, dropout retrieval, and outreach to at least 250 Native American youth monthly.
Methods
- The article is based on analysis of historic data and interviews with school staff, prevention staff, and general Puyallup tribal employees.
- The 1994 risk assessment drew on Chief Leschi student and parent surveys, prevention workshops, tribal and nontribal social service/juvenile justice agency surveys, and census data from the BIA, Tacoma, and Pierce County; internal and external assessments used the Communities That Care model.
- The Safe Futures outcome evaluation included qualitative interviews conducted in four sets and quantitative data: school attendance, achievement, and negative behavior incidents; Tri-Ethnic Center substance abuse surveys administered four times to grades 4–12; and Safe Futures Community School/Outreach service records.
Limitations
- The paper states that inadequate funding limited staff positions, support materials, specialized chemical dependency training, and crisis/long-term intervention services; BIA cuts of about 8.7 percent in 1995–96 precluded enhancing PAV and PRIDE, conducting rigorous program evaluation, and providing needed staff development.
- The paper states that PRIDE and PAV had not been formally evaluated before Safe Futures, and that the Safe Futures evaluation results were not yet available; the authors also recognize that improved attendance and behavior may be influenced by other factors such as improved socioeconomic conditions and an overall reduction in youth violence and criminality.
- Evident from the text: the analysis relies on multiple agency records and surveys without a controlled comparison, and some 1980 census data were not specific to the Puyallup but included other Indians and Alaska Natives in the area.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Sources not found · 60 Own result · 37 Own interpretation · 24 No basis given · 10 Own method · 3 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“The Bureau of Indian Affairs Labor Force Reports for August 1986 placed the American Indian and Alaska Native unemployment rate for Pierce County at an alarming 66 percent.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
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In the paper
“Further, of those Tacoma area Indians who were employed, an incredible 75 percent earned an income below 5,000 dollars.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast to the Indians on or near the four rural reservations, Indians residing on or near the Puyallup Reservation had access to many more job opportunities.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the Indian people in this greater Tacoma area had almost as high an unemployment rate (51 percent) as those associated with two of the rural reservations.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 147
- It may state two separate claims as one. 57
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
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Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The Pierce County Network (a state-mandated planning entity) reported a rate of 35.8 percent child abuse and neglect cases per 1,000 children age zero to seventeen years old in Pierce County for 1993.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Family Risk Factors
Reported 35.8 · recomputed 3.58
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
“eleven essential elements of the community in developing prevention and intervention strategies”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
“police, prosecution, courts, probation, corrections, parole, schools, youth employment agencies, community-based youth agencies, and grassroots organizations.”
Citations
Cites
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
(1994) · doi:10.17226/2139 · Cited by 2,073
The 1986 census of population and housing
Cornish, J. K. (1985) · Journal of the Australian Population Association · doi:10.1007/bf03041202 · Cited by 1,410
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
Novins, D. K. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00028 · Cited by 1,085
American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research
Trimble, J. E. (2026) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian · Cited by 192
Characteristics of Indian Youth and Drug Use
Beauvais (1992) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0501.1992.51 · Cited by 34
Controlling Crime Before It Happens: Risk-Focused Prevention
Hawkins, J. D. (1995) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e564312006-002 · Cited by 30
Hanna, J. L. (1979) · Dance Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1478794 · Cited by 23
The Shaker Religion Of The Northwest
Günther, E. (1949) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/smit91566-005 · Cited by 22
Gregory (1990) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0403.1990.89 · Cited by 19
Beauvais, F. (1992) · Monografi: ISSN 1046-7750 · doi:10.5820/aian.0403.1990.77 · Cited by 18
Cultural Lessons for Clinical Mental Health Practice: The Puyallup Tribal Community
Guilmet (1987) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0102.1987.32 · Cited by 13
PRIDE: Substance Abuse Education/Intervention Program
Dorpat (1994) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.mono04.1994.122 · Cited by 12
Beauvais (1996) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0701.1996.54
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Marian W. Smith (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949).
- For similar traditions in other Coast Salish tribes, see Pamela T Amoss, Coast Salish Spirit Dancing: The Survival of an Ancestral Religion (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978);
- "President Honors Leschi School," News Tribune, June 20, 1989, B1. In February of 1989 the tribal school was listed as one of ten in its class designat- ed as "exemplary" by the Department of the Interior, which administers con- tracts with tribes through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This honor came on the heels of Chief Leschi's selection as one of sixty schools in the nation with an exemplary "Chapter One" remedial reading program. In June of 1989 the Chief Leschi School of the Puyallup tribe was one of forty-seven schools honored at a White House ceremony by the United States Department of Education for its model anti-drug program (PRIDE); it was the only school in Washington state and the only American Indian or Alaska Native school in the nation to receive this recognition.
- Spero M. Manson and Norman G. Dinges, American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, Monograph Series, vol. 1, monograph 1 (1988): 311.
- Norman Dorpat, "PRIDE: Substance Abuse Education/Intervention Program," and "Community Development as Context for Alcohol Policy," American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 4.3 (1992): 82-84;
- Judy M. Thorne and Erin O. Newton, "Chief Leschi School System: Prevention Programs with Notable Community Involvement," Chapter 3 in How Do We Know They Work, An Examination of Evidence for Effectiveness in School-Based Drug Prevention Programs, Report to Congress, United States Department of Education, Office of the Undersecretary, Multilevel and Special Populations Division, 1993, 37-39.
Cited by
Rees, C., Freng, A. B., & Winfree, L. T. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0018-2 · Cited by 40
American Indian and Alaska Native violence prevention efforts: a systematic review, 1980 to 2018
Rollman, J. E., Thomas, M., Kollar, L. M. M., Ports, K. A., Clelland, C., Satter, D. E., & David-Ferdon, C. F. (2024) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-024-00488-3 · Cited by 3
Rollman, J. E., Thomas, M., Mercer Kollar, L. M., Ports, K. A., Clelland, C., Satter, D. E., & David-Ferdon, C. F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25440868
Metadata
- Authors
- Guilmet, G. M., Whited, D. L., Dorpat, N., & Pijanowski, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Puget Sound (US)
- Venue
- American Indian Culture and Research Journal
- Publisher
- UCLA American Indian Studies Center
- Published
- 1998-01-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 407-440
- ISSN
- 0161-6463 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W90677270
- Semantic Scholar
- 8ceb90ad8ef4977566525ce0490af9f48e7855d7
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Indian Culture and Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- youth violence, gang violence, crime prevention, tribal education, American Indian and Alaska Native students, risk and protective factors
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