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Water Expansions in Shantytowns: Health and Savings
Open accessAbstract
This paper examines the effects of the expansion of the water network in urban shantytowns in Argentina. The authors find large reductions in the presence, frequency, and severity of diarrhea episodes among children in the households reached by network expansions relative to the control group. Moreover, expanded water connections induce savings, as these families are able to substitute piped water for more expensive and distant sources of water. These health and savings effects are also important for households that previously had clandestine self-connections to the water network, which were free but of low quality.
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Three main studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Taylor 1987) did not report information on fidelity.
“Of the main studies, three did not report information on fidelity (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
The Sampling Design section reports when the water-expansion program was completed in each treated neighborhood. It also identifies control households that received water service and explains how they were reclassified. Although the paper does not label this a formal fidelity assessment, it does report information about whether and when the intervention was delivered. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGaliani 2007 found no effect on duration of diarrhoea.
“and no effect on duration of diarrhoea.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
The Results section states that access to piped water reduced the duration of diarrhoea episodes, and the Introduction likewise reports reductions among children in the treated population. This is contrary to the attributed finding of no effect on duration. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRisk of bias ranged from low to high for the main studies: one RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) was assigned low risk of bias (++), two CBAs (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) were judged to have mixed or unclear bias (+), and two CBAs (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987) were considered to have high risk of bias (-).
“Risk of bias ranged from low to high for the main studies. One RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) was assigned a low risk of bias (++), two CBAs (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) were judged to be have mixed or unclear bias (+) and two CBAs were considered to have a high risk of bias (‐) (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne CBA (Galiani 2007) redefined and transferred observations from the control group to the treatment group based on the knowledge that the water expansion intervention had reached one control community during the study period and some participants gained access to the water service prior to follow-up data collection.
“One CBA (Galiani 2007) redefined and transferred observations from the control group to the treatment group based on the knowledge that the intervention programme (water expansion) had reached one of the control communities during the study period and some participants gained access to the water service prior to the follow‐up data collection.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
The Sampling Design section says that some households in the control neighborhood La Rivera gained water service before the 2005 follow-up, and that the authors transferred those connected households to the treatment group. It identifies the cause as a regular Aguas Argentinas network expansion, however, rather than the MPG intervention programme studied in the paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFour main studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez-Navarro 2010; Soares 2005) allocated the intervention to slum communities (clusters) rather than individual slum dwellers and used appropriate analyses.
“Four main studies allocated the intervention to slum communities (that is clusters) rather than individual slum dwellers and used appropriate analyses (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Galiani 2007, privatised water service compared to no intervention was associated with lower severity of diarrhoea episodes (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.22; P=0.12).
“Severity of diarrhoea episodes (whether episodes included blood and/or parasites) RR = 0.48 (95% CI 0.19 to 1.22; P=0.12) Water supply 649 observations ( Galiani 2007 CBA+/+)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
The Results (Table 5, section 6) report lower diarrhoea-episode severity after water-network expansion, using 649 observations in the income-adjusted model. The paper reports a regression coefficient of −0.0814 for that model, not the attributed RR of 0.48, 95% CI of 0.19–1.22, or P=0.12; those precise statistics are not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Galiani 2007, privatised water service compared to no intervention was associated with lower incidence of 2-week diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.04; P=0.07).
“Galiani 2007 reported limited evidence (at the 10% significance level) that the incidence of diarrhoea and severity of infections was lower in intervention slums following improved water supply by a private water company. The relative risk (RR) was calculated as 0.53 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.04; P = 0.07) for 2‐week diarrhoeal episodes”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
The Results (section 6, Table 5; page unavailable) report fewer diarrhea episodes among children under six after the water-network expansion, with one estimate significant at the 10% level. But the paper measures episodes over the preceding month, not two weeks, and Table 5 does not report the stated RR of 0.53, 95% CI, or P value. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Galiani 2007, there was no significant difference in duration of diarrhoea episodes between intervention and control following improved water supply (MD -1.24 days, 95% CI -2.68 to 0.43; P=0.16).
“Duration of diarrhoea episodes MD = ‐1.24 days (95% CI ‐2.68 to 0.43; P=0.16) Water supply 649 observations, ( Galiani 2007 CBA+/+)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Table 5 in §6 (page not provided) reports a duration estimate for 649 observations with a household-period clustered standard error of 0.7938; these figures are consistent with the cited confidence interval and P≈0.16. The reported estimate is −1.1241 days, however, not −1.24 days. The paper’s Results prose also describes the duration reduction as significant, using its stated convention of assessing significance with the unclustered robust standard error. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGaliani 2007 was a controlled before-and-after study with a mixed risk of bias.
“One main study, a CBA with a mixed risk of bias, showed that slum upgrading reduced diarrhoea incidence (Galiani 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Section 4 (Sampling Design; page unavailable) explicitly describes a before-and-after comparison of treated neighborhoods with a control group. Section 6 (Results; page unavailable) reports fewer diarrhea episodes among children under six after water-network expansion. The paper does not assign itself a “mixed risk of bias” rating, so that part of the attribution is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImproved private water supply significantly reduced monthly water expenditure (MD -17.11 pesos; 95% CI -32.6 to -1.62; P = 0.03) in one CBA with moderate risk of bias (Galiani 2007).
“One CBA with a moderate risk of bias reported improved private water supply significantly reduced monthly water expenditure (including costs associated with the intervention) (MD ‐17.11 pesos; 95% CI ‐32.6 to ‐1.62; P = 0.03) (Galiani 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGaliani 2007 found limited evidence for a reduction in severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.22; P = 0.12).
“Galiani 2007 also found limited evidence for a reduction in severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.22; P = 0.12) and no effect on duration of diarrhoea.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Section 6 (Results, Table 5; page unavailable) reports a reduction in diarrhoeal-episode severity among children under six, supporting the direction of the claim. It does not report RR 0.48, the stated confidence interval, or P = 0.12; instead, its severity estimates are marked statistically significant at the 5% or 10% level. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne main study with mixed risk of bias found evidence that diarrhoeal incidence decreased in households which received water connections from a private water company in comparison to control households (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.26 to 1.04; P = 0.07) (Galiani 2007).
“One main study with a mixed risk of bias found evidence that diarrhoeal incidence decreased in households which received water connections from a private water company in comparison to control households (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.26 to 1.04; P = 0.07) (Galiani 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGaliani 2007 demonstrate how economic and political environments can, relatively quickly, impact on slum upgrading interventions even after the actual program delivery has ended.
“However, Galiani 2007 demonstrate how economic and political environments can, relatively quickly, impact on slum upgrading interventions even after the actual program delivery has ended.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Section 2 reports that economic crisis and political conflict disrupted water-company investment and ended the concession in March 2006; it also says the shantytown expansion program took place entirely before that change. The paper does not show that those later events affected the completed slum-upgrading interventions or their outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFive main studies were identified: one cluster-RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) and four cluster-CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) using difference-in-differences analyses and adjustment for confounders.
“Five main studies were identified for inclusion: one cluster‐RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and four cluster‐CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) using difference in difference analyses and adjustment for confounders.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Slum dwellers provided labour for interventions in one main study (Galiani 2007) and two supporting studies (Cattaneo 2009; De Leon 1986).
“Slum dwellers provided labour for interventions in one main study intervention (Galiani 2007) and two supporting studies (Cattaneo 2009; De Leon 1986).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Two further studies evaluated single physical interventions: one RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) evaluated road paving on parasite or fungus infections, sickness, and quality of life; one CBA (Galiani 2007) examined water supply on diarrhoea and water expenditure.
“Two further studies evaluated the impact of single physical interventions: one RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) evaluated the impact of road paving on parasite or fungus infections, sickness and quality of life; and one CBA examined the effect of water supply on diarrhoea and water expenditure (Galiani 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Three main studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Taylor 1987) and three supporting studies (Aiga 2002; Joshi 2002; Parikh in press) reported community involvement, either through slum residents paying for intervention delivery or fees for resulting infrastructure such as water supply.
“Three main studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Taylor 1987) and three supporting studies (Aiga 2002; Joshi 2002; Parikh in press) reported community involvement, either in the form of slum residents paying for the intervention delivery or the fees for the resulting infrastructure such as water supply (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Three CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) had mixed risk of selection bias, as they were not randomised but employed difference-in-differences and adjusted for potential confounders.
“Three CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) were graded as having a mixed risk of selection bias, as they were not randomised but employed a DiD approach to minimise selection bias and adjusted for potential confounders.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Galiani 2007 reported greater community involvement: slum neighbourhoods requested the private water service and provided labour for implementing the intervention, in addition to paying the water company fees for services provided thereafter.
“Galiani 2007 reported greater involvement with the community – whereby slum neighbourhoods requested the private water service and provided the labour for implementing the intervention, in addition to paying the water company fees for the services provided thereafter.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Partnerships between different combinations of government, civil society, private industry, NGOs, and charitable trusts were described in both main and supporting studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Joshi 2002; Parikh in press).
“Partnerships between different combinations of government, civil society, private industry, NGOs and charitable trusts were also described in both the main and supporting studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Joshi 2002; Parikh in press).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Galiani 2007 had follow-up periods of between five and 10 months after intervention completion, which may have been sufficient to detect an impact on diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenses.
“Of the main studies, it was possible to determine that Galiani 2007 had follow‐up periods of between five to 10 months after intervention completion, which may have been sufficient to detect an impact on diarrhoeal diseases and water‐related expenses.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Two main studies (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) used recall periods of four weeks or more for self-reported outcomes, and two (Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) did not report the length of recall.
“Two of the main studies used recall periods of four weeks or more for self‐reported outcomes (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and two did not report the length of recall (Soares 2005; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
In Galiani 2007, monthly water-related expenditure was reduced in the intervention group compared to control after including costs associated with the intervention (MD -17.11 pesos, 95% CI -32.6 to -1.62; P=0.03).
“Galiani 2007 reported that after controlling for changes in household income, there was evidence that monthly water related expenditure was reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group, MD of ‐19.72 pesos (95% CI ‐35.4 to ‐4.04; P = 0.01), which persisted after including costs associated with the intervention (MD ‐17.11 pesos: 95% CI ‐32.6 to ‐1.62; P = 0.03).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Single‐component physical environment and infrastructure intervention within slums were investigated in two of the five main studies regarding improved water supply and road paving, and one further supporting study evaluated cement floors.
“Single‐component physical environment and infrastructure intervention within slums were investigated in two of the five main studies regarding improved water supply (Galiani 2007) and road paving (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010). One further supporting study evaluated cement floors (Cattaneo 2009).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Main studies were conducted in Asian countries including India and Indonesia, and Latin America including Argentina, Mexico and Brazil.
“Main studies were conducted in Asian countries including India (Butala 2010) and Indonesia (Taylor 1987), and Latin America including Argentina Galiani 2007), Mexico (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and Brazil (Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Information in three of the five main studies showed that Galiani 2007 and Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 measured outcomes over a relatively short period, whereas Taylor 1987 measured outcomes between three and five years after the intervention.
“Information in three of the five main studies showed that, Galiani 2007 and Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 measured outcomes over a relatively short period (between five to 10 months and between 19 and 1 month, respectively), whereas Taylor 1987 measured outcomes between three and five years after the intervention (the exact follow‐up period is not clearly reported).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Of the main studies, one RCT was considered to have high external validity, and three CBAs mixed generalisability.
“Of the main studies, one RCT was considered to have high external validity (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010), and three CBAs mixed generalisability (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Within the main studies, one RCT was considered to have a low risk of bias. Four CBAs were also included, two of which were judged to have a mixed or unclear risk of bias and two had a high risk of bias.
“Within the main studies, one RCT was considered to have a low risk of bias (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010). Four CBAs were also included, two of which were judged to have a mixed or unclear risk of bias (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) and two had a high risk of bias (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
To reduce the risk of selection bias such limitations were likely to introduce, the majority of main studies utilised difference in difference analyses, propensity score matching and multivariate analyses that controlled for confounders.
“To reduce the risk of selection bias such limitations were likely to introduce, the majority of main studies utilised difference in difference analyses (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005), propensity score matching (Soares 2005) and multivariate analyses that controlled for confounders (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Two studies did not provide information on the tenure of the communities.
“Two studies did not provide information on the tenure of the communities (Galiani 2007; Parikh in press).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Galiani 2007
Section 4 (Sampling Design, page unavailable) lists the sampled neighborhoods and household characteristics but does not report their land tenure. Section 3 (Expansion of Water in Shantytown Neighborhoods, page unavailable) says shantytowns were not formally urbanized or parcelized; that does not establish the communities’ tenure. Searches for tenure, ownership, and land rights found no decisive passage, so the claim of non-reporting cannot be confirmed from the retrieved passages. (LLM, conf=0.68)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Artana, D., F. Navajas, and S. Urbiztondo. 2000. "Governance and Regulation in Argentina." In: W. Savedoff and P. Spiller, eds. Spilled Water. Washington, D.C.: IDB Press.
- Behrman, J. and B. Wolfe. 1987. "How Does Mother's Schooling Affect Family Health, Nutrition, Medical Care Usage and Household Sanitation?" Journal of Econometrics 36(1-2): 185-204.
- Esrey, S., J. Potash, L. Roberts, and C. Shiff. 1991. "Effects of Improved Water Supply and Sanitation on Ascariasis, Diarrhea, Dracunculiasis, Hookworm Infection, Schistosomiasis and Trachoma." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69(5): 609-21.
- Galiani, S., P. Gertler, and E. Schargrodsky. 2005. "Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality in Argentina." Journal of Political Economy 113(1): 83-120.
- Galiani, S., P. Gertler, E.Schargrodsky, and F. Sturzenegger. 2005. "The Benefits and Costs of Privatization in Argentina: A Microeconomic Analysis." In: A. Chong and F. Lopez-de- Silanes, eds. Privatization in Latin America-Myths and Reality. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Jalan, J. and M. Ravallion. 2003. "Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India?" Journal of Econometrics 112(1): 153-73.
- Lavy, V., J. Strauss, D. Thomas, and P. de Vreyer. 1996. "Quality of Health Care, Survival and Health Outcomes in Ghana." Journal of Health Economics 15(3): 333-57.
- Lee, L-F., M. Rosenzweig, and M. Pitt. 1997. "The Effects of Improved Nutrition, Sanitation, and Water Quality on Child Health in High-Mortality Populations." Journal of Econometrics 77(1): 209-35.
- Merrick, T. 1985. "The Effect of Piped Water on Early Childhood Mortality in Urban Brazil, 1970 to 1976." Demography 22(1): 1-24.
- Noll, R., M. Shirley, and S. Cowan. 2000. "Reforming Urban Water Systems in Developing Countries." In: A. Krueger, ed. Economic Policy Reform: The Second Stage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Turley, R., Saith, R., Bhan, N., Rehfuess, E., & Carter, B. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010067.pub2 · Cited by 153
Metadata
- Authors
- Galiani, S., González Rozada, M., & Schargrodsky, E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (AR)
- Venue
- Economica
- Publisher
- Inter-American Development Bank
- Published
- 2007-03-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 304
- Pages
- 607-622
- ISSN
- 0013-0427 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2498471834
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 11.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Economica (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Repositorio Digital Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Keywords
- informal settlements, diarrhea, child health, household savings, water supply connection, water quality, water supply infrastructure, Argentina
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