A Kenward-Roger Approximation and Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Tests in Linear Mixed Models - The R Package pbkrtest
Open accessAbstract
When testing for reduction of the mean value structure in linear mixed models, it is common to use an asymptotic χ2 test. Such tests can, however, be very poor for small and moderate sample sizes. The pbkrtest package implements two alternatives to such approximate χ2 tests: The package implements (1) a Kenward-Roger approximation for performing F tests for reduction of the mean structure and (2) parametric bootstrap methods for achieving the same goal. The implementation is focused on linear mixed models with independent residual errors. In addition to describing the methods and aspects of their implementation, the paper also contains several examples and a comparison of the various methods.
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Calculation of p-values from the parametric bootstrap test is based on likelihood ratio tests and is described in the documentation for pbkrtest as the fraction of simulated LRT-values that are larger or equal to the observed LRT value.
“Calculation of p-values from the parametric bootstrap test are based on likelihood ratio tests and are described in the documentation for pbkrtest as “the fraction of simulated LRT [likelihood ratio test]-values that are larger or equal to the observed LRT value” [29].”
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References 19 · Cited by 1,324
- Authors
- Halekoh, U., & Højsgaard, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Venue
- Journal of Statistical Software
- Publisher
- Foundation for Open Access Statistic
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- ISSN
- 1548-7660 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1887050506
- Cited by
- 1,324
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 144 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 95.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Statistical Software (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Højteknologifonden
- University of Oxford
- Aalborg Universitet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Data Analysis with R
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Keywords
- linear mixed models, parametric bootstrap, F-test, small sample inference
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