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Cited by 161Misinformation and Its ImpactsTopic ModelingMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reasoning Over Semantic-Level Graph for Fact Checking

Open access
Zhong, Wanjun, Xu, Jingjing, Tang, Duyu, Xu, Zenan, Duan, Nan, Zhou, Ming, Wang, Jiahai, Yin, Jian·2020·Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.549
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Abstract

Fact checking is a challenging task because verifying the truthfulness of a claim requires reasoning about multiple retrievable evidence.In this work, we present a method suitable for reasoning about the semantic-level structure of evidence.Unlike most previous works, which typically represent evidence sentences with either string concatenation or fusing the features of isolated evidence sentences, our approach operates on rich semantic structures of evidence obtained by semantic role labeling.We propose two mechanisms to exploit the structure of evidence while leveraging the advances of pre-trained models like BERT, GPT or XLNet.Specifically, using XLNet as the backbone, we first utilize the graph structure to re-define the relative distances of words, with the intuition that semantically related words should have short distances.Then, we adopt graph convolutional network and graph attention network to propagate and aggregate information from neighboring nodes on the graph.We evaluate our system on FEVER, a benchmark dataset for fact checking, and find that rich structural information is helpful and both our graph-based mechanisms improve the accuracy.Our model is the state-of-the-art system in terms of both official evaluation metrics, namely claim verification accuracy and FEVER score.

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Figures

Figure 1 A motivating example for fact checking and the FEVER task. Verifying the claim requires understanding the semantic structure of multiple evidence sentences and the reasoning process over the structure.
Figure 1 A motivating example for fact checking and the FEVER task. Verifying the claim requires understanding the semantic structure of multiple evidence sentences and the reasoning process over the structure.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Our pipeline for fact checking on FEVER. The main contribution of this work is a graph-based reasoning model for claim verification.
Figure 2 Our pipeline for fact checking on FEVER. The main contribution of this work is a graph-based reasoning model for claim verification.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 The constructed graph for the motivating example with two evidence sentences. Each box describes a 'tuple' which is extracted by SRL triggered by a verb. Blue solid lines indicate edges that connect arguments within a tuple and red dotted lines indicate edges that connect argument across different tuples.
Figure 3 The constructed graph for the motivating example with two evidence sentences. Each box describes a 'tuple' which is extracted by SRL triggered by a verb. Blue solid lines indicate edges that connect arguments within a tuple and red dotted lines indicate edges that connect argument across different tuples.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 An overview of our graph-based reasoning approach for claim verification. Taking a claim and evidence sentences as the input, we first calculate contextual word representations with graph-based distance ( § 3.2). After that, we use graph convolutional network to propagate information over the graph ( § 3.3), and use graph attention network to aggregate information ( § 3.4) before making the final prediction.
Figure 4 An overview of our graph-based reasoning approach for claim verification. Taking a claim and evidence sentences as the input, we first calculate contextual word representations with graph-based distance ( § 3.2). After that, we use graph convolutional network to propagate information over the graph ( § 3.3), and use graph attention network to aggregate information ( § 3.4) before making the final prediction.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Zhong, W., Xu, J., Tang, D., Xu, Z., Duan, N., Zhou, M., Wang, J., & Yin, J.
Affiliations
  • Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Microsoft (United States) (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Publisher
Association for Computational Linguistics
Published
2020
Pages
6170-6180
ISSN
0736-587X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.549
OpenAlex
W3034808961
Cited by
151
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 10
FWCI
58.32
Type
conference paper
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1611264, U1711262, U1811261, U1811264, U1711261, U1911203)
  • Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2019B15 15130001)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
Keywords
fact-checking, claim verification, semantic role labeling, graph convolutional networks, graph attention networks, XLNet, FEVER dataset, word distance

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