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Psychological Abuse: Implications for Adjustment and Commitment to Leave Violent Partners
Abstract
The contribution of psychological abuse, beyond that of physical abuse, to battered women’s psychological adjustment and their intentions to terminate their abusive relationships was examined. Sixty-eight battered women residing in shelters for battered women provided information on their: (1) physical and psychological abuse; (2) psychological symptomatology; (3) strategies for coping with and perceptions of control over partner violence; and (4) intentions to return to their abusive partners. Multiple regression analyses indicated that frequency and severity of physical abuse was not a significant predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology nor of women’s intentions to terminate their abusive relationships. However, psychological abuse was a significant predictor of both PTSD symptomatology and intentions to permanently leave abusive partners even after controlling for the effects of physical abuse. PTSD symptomatology moderated the relationship between psychological abuse and intentions to terminate the abusive relationships: resolve to leave the abusive partner as a function of level of psychological abuse was significant only among women characterized by low levels of PTSD symptomatology. Greater use of emotion-focused coping strategies, absolutely and relative to problem-focused coping, had direct effects on PTSD symptomatology. However, neither coping nor perceptions of control moderated the effects of psychological abuse on psychological adjustment. The results of the investigation suggested that psychological abuse and ensuing PTSD symptomatology are important variables to assess among physically battered women.
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“Of these, 16 studies demonstrated a positive association between psychological violence and PTSD [32–47], while the remaining five studies were insignificant [48–52].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
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Items 301–328 of 328
The Strengths-and-Skills-Building Model
Corcoran, J., & Bell, H. (2004) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154306.003.0011
Coping Strategies and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-ICU Family Members
Petrinec, A. B. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Root, J. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Relationship Discord, Intimate Partner Physical Aggression, and Externalizing Problems of Children
O’Leary, K. D., & Solano, I. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch18 · Cited by 47
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Zorn, K. G. (2013) · oURspace (University of Regina) · doi:10.82465/7165
Violence against women: impacts on psychological health and stress hormones
Chivers-Wilson, K. (2009) · doi:10.7939/r3xw2z
Streker, P. (2013) · Cited by 2
Chong, C. C. (2017) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011797
“Some studies have demonstrated that psychological abuse has at least as strong a relationship to PTSD as physical abuse does among help-seeking women (Arias & Pape, 1999; Mechanic, Weaver, & Resick, 2008).”
Критерії та форми психологічного насильства
Кочергіна, І. А. (2016) · Scientific periodicals of Ukraine
Kaylı, D. Ş., & ŞAHİN, F. (2021) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences · doi:10.5336/forensic.2020-80312
Psychopathy, intoxication, and verbal abuse
Hamilton, D. L., & Heilbrun, K. (2012) · doi:10.17918/etd-3889
فرحات, ر. ا. (2021) · التربية (الأزهر) مجلة علمية محکمة للبحوث التربوية والنفسية والاجتماعية) · doi:10.21608/jsrep.2021.200174
McLaughlin, J. (2013) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Predictors and Consequences of Decision Making in Domestic Violence
Hill, J. (2009) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)
Lawson, D. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119222750.refs
Behavioural and neuroendocrine impacts of abuse in dating relationships
Sudom, K. (2008) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2008-06569
Violence, self-harm and substance misuse
Castle, D. J., & Abel, K. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045132.013 · Cited by 1
Custody and Intervention Recommendations in Family Law Cases
Hamel, J., & Baker, K. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197564028.003.0009
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare Vol. 42 No. 1 (March 2015)
(2015) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3885
What Might Considering the Criminalization of Emotional Abuse Teach Us About Defining It?
Hotz, M. (2024) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2023-0055 · Cited by 1
Earle, E. A., Siegel, A. N., Tissera, T., Hernandez, K. M., Bartolomeo, A. A. D., Ip, J., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2503713 · Cited by 1
“Lastly, there is evidence that partner psychological abuse (i.e., NCA stressor) is a significant predictor of PTSS among survivors of intimate partner abuse (Pico-Alfonso, 2005), even after controlling for physical abuse (i.e., Criterion A stressor; Arias & Pape, 1999; Basile et al., 2004).”
Darke, L., Paterson, H. M., Dhillon, H. M., & van Golde, C. (2025) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2025.2591116
Eliyahu, N., Ashkenazi, O., Tarkay, T., Stukalin, Y., & Elkana, O. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09030-8
“Emotion-focused coping, which reduces the emotional burden without addressing the root cause, has been repeatedly linked to negative outcomes, including heightened PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety (Whatley et al., 1998 ; Arias & Pape, 1999).”
Ashkenazi, M., Neubauer, L., Pérez‐Ortiz, M., Mariconti, E., & Tanczer, L. M. (2026) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393261435087
An exploration of the effects of long-term intimate partner violence: listening to older women
Lowe, S. C. (2008) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/yh7h-bs54
Influence of Positive Expectancies and Adaptive Goal Investment on Relationship Abuse
Armstrong, G. H. (2012) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Metadata
- Authors
- Arias, I., & Pape, K. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- Violence and Victims
- Publisher
- Springer Publishing Company
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-67
- ISSN
- 0886-6708 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7073
- OpenAlex
- W132683574
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 8.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Violence and Victims (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01aa009224-05)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA09224-02S1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- psychological violence, intimate partner violence, battered women, psychological adjustment, leaving abusive relationships, post-traumatic stress disorder, coping strategies, emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, physical abuse
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Divorce, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Predictive Value of Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Social Adjustment, Spouse Abuse, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Battered Women, Self Efficacy
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