First audit of macroinvertebrate samples from an EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program: human error greatly lowers precision of assessment results

Haase, Peter; Pauls, Steffen U.; Schindehütte, Karin; Sundermann, Andrea

doi:10.1899/09-183.1

Cited by 121Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecologyInvertebrate Taxonomy and EcologyEnvironmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

First audit of macroinvertebrate samples from an EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program: human error greatly lowers precision of assessment results

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Haase, Peter, Pauls, Steffen U., Schindehütte, Karin, Sundermann, Andrea·2010·Journal of the North American Benthological Society

DOI 10.1899/09-183.1

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Abstract

Invertebrates are often used in biological monitoring of soil and water ecosystems. Because of the huge number of invertebrate species, sample processing (sorting and identification) is a labor-intensive and often difficult task that is prone to error. These errors can bias assessment results, which often are used by environmental managers to guide funding decisions for costly restoration measures. However, quality control of assessment results is not implemented in many freshwater monitoring programs. We conducted the first audit of an official European freshwater monitoring program based on 414 macroinvertebrate samples from streams and rivers in Germany. The samples were collected by personnel at 7 different commercial environmental laboratories using the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive protocol. We audited 12% of all samples at 3 different levels: 1) a sorting audit, 2) an identification audit, and 3) a total audit based on both sorting and identification. The sorting audit revealed that 29% of the specimens and every 5th taxon (20.6%) had been overlooked by the primary analyst. Differences in sorting were correlated with taxon body size (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). The identification audit showed that >30% of taxa differed between the results of the primary analysts and auditors. Taxa considered difficult to identify were not more prone to error than were taxa considered easier to identify. Primary analysts and auditors assigned 34% of audited samples to different quality classes in ≥1 of 3 assessment modules (organic pollution, acidification, and general degradation). For 16% of the samples, these changes resulted in a different final ecological assessment. Such a high rate of differences between primary analysts and auditors could lead to ineffective allocation of several million Euros. Our results clearly illustrate the need for adequate quality control and auditing in freshwater monitoring.

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Many benthic invertebrate larvae are difficult to identify at the species level, so the most practical taxonomic level for identification is often only genus or family.
“many benthic invertebrate larvae are difficult to identify at the species level, and thus the most practical taxonomic level for the identification of these organisms is often only the genus or family [10].”
From Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
Frequent identification errors occur and many specimens are not detected in samples.
“frequent identification errors occur and many specimens are not detected in samples [10]”
From Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
These limitations have direct consequences for inferred ecosystem assessment metrics and thus management decisions.
“these limitations have direct consequences for the inferred ecosystem assessment metrics [10,14] and thus management decisions.”
From Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
The 17% undetected rate is already better than the error rates of several morphology-based studies.
“While this is already better than the error rates of several morphology-based studies (see [10] for a discussion)”
From Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol (2015) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors: Haase, P., Pauls, S. U., Schindehütte, K., & Sundermann, A.
Affiliations: Senckenberg, Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Department of Limnology and Conservation, Clamecy Strasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Haase, Peter
Pauls, Steffen U.
Sundermann, Andrea
Venue: Journal of the North American Benthological Society
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 29
Issue: 4
Pages: 1279-1291
ISSN: 0887-3593 (ISSN-L)
1937-237X
DOI: 10.1899/09-183.1
OpenAlex: W2115439841
Cited by: 119
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 2.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.bioone.org
Locations: Journal of the North American Benthological Society (publishedVersion)
BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Keywords: macroinvertebrates, Water Framework Directive, freshwater monitoring, quality control, auditing, human error, taxonomic identification, ecological assessment

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First audit of macroinvertebrate samples from an EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program: human error greatly lowers precision of assessment results

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