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Visual aids and structured criteria for improving visual inspection and interpretation of single-case designs
Open accessAbstract
Because behavior analysis is a data-driven process, a critical skill for behavior analysts is accurate visual inspection and interpretation of single-case data. Study 1 was a basic study in which we increased the accuracy of visual inspection methods for A-B designs through two refinements of the split-middle (SM) method called the dual-criteria (DC) and conservative dual-criteria (CDC) methods. The accuracy of these visual inspection methods was compared with one another and with two statistical methods (Allison & Gorman, 1993; Gottman, 1981) using a computer-simulated Monte Carlo study. Results indicated that the DC and CDC methods controlled Type I error rates much better than the SM method and had considerably higher power (to detect real treatment effects) than the two statistical methods. In Study 2, brief verbal and written instructions with modeling were used to train 5 staff members to use the DC method, and in Study 3, these training methods were incorporated into a slide presentation and were used to rapidly (i.e., 15 min) train a large group of individuals (N = 87). Interpretation accuracy increased from a baseline mean of 55% to a treatment mean of 94% in Study 2 and from a baseline mean of 71% to a treatment mean of 95% in Study 3. Thus, Study 1 answered basic questions about the accuracy of several methods of interpreting A-B designs; Study 2 showed how that information could be used to increase the accuracy of human visual inspectors; and Study 3 showed how the training procedures from Study 2 could be modified into a format that would facilitate rapid training of large groups of individuals to interpret single-case designs.
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“Conservative dual-criterion (CDC; Fisher et al., 2003; Swoboda et al., 2010) analyses were also conducted to increase reliability of visual inspection.”
From Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy delivered via telehealth in a community behavioral health clinic (2025) · cites this paper as Fisher et al., 2003
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Cited by
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Single-Case Intervention Research Design Standards
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“However, recent studies have shown that structured criteria and training may improve the accuracy of visual raters (Fisher et al., 2003; Kahng et al., 2010; Stewart, Carr, Brandt, & McHenry, 2007).”
BackgroundA standardized mean difference effect size for multiple baseline designs across individuals
Hedges, L. V., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Shadish, W. R. (2013) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1086 · Cited by 222
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Maggin, D. M., Briesch, A. M., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2012) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932511435176 · Cited by 198
Single-Case Experimental Designs to Evaluate Novel Technology-Based Health Interventions
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“To evaluate the effects of the FIT Game on FV consumption, we used the Conservative Dual Criterion (CDC) developed for brief time-series data sets using Monte Carlo simulations to yield acceptable power and low type I error rates (Fisher et al., 2003).”
MethodUSING MODIFIED VISUAL‐INSPECTION CRITERIA TO INTERPRET FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OUTCOMES
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Self-citationRecommendations for Choosing Single-Case Data Analytical Techniques.
Manolov, R., & Moeyaert, M. (2017) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.008 · Cited by 122
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplication of semantic feature analysis to retrieval of action names in aphasia
Wambaugh, J. L., & Ferguson, M. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2006.05.0038 · Cited by 124
“Additionally, the CDC has been found to have higher power than those methods [43].”
InfluentialSchwartz, S. M., Wildenhaus, K. J., Bucher, A., & Byrd, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2020.00031 · Cited by 118
“Patients and caregivers may have the time but likely lack the expertise and require a processing step that helps make the data more understandable and actionable (Fisher et al., 2003; Parker et al., 2011a,b).”
BackgroundMeany‐Daboul, M. G., Roscoe, E. M., Bourret, J. C., & Ahearn, W. H. (2007) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.40-501 · Cited by 114
CONSISTENT VISUAL ANALYSES OF INTRASUBJECT DATA
Kahng, S., Chung, K., Gutshall, K. A., Pitts, S. C., Kao, J., & Girolami, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2010.43-35 · Cited by 104
Tests for the Visual Analysis of Response-Guided Multiple-Baseline Data
Ferron, J. M., & Jones, P. K. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.3200/jexe.75.1.66-81 · Cited by 99
“By using training and structured criteria, researchers have been able to demonstrate that agreement among visual analysts can be improved (Hagopian et al., 1997) and that the accuracy of visual analysts can be improved (Fisher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCrosson, B., MOORE, A. B., McGregor, K., Chang, Y., Benjamin, M., Gopinath, K., Sherod, M., Wierenga, C. E., Peck, K. K., Briggs, R. W., et al. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.08.001 · Cited by 97
“Hence, a modification of the conservative dual criteria (CDC) test (Fisher et al., 2003) was used to determine if changes during treatment were significantly above the trend projected from baseline.”
MethodKratochwill, T. R., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Machalicek, W., Ferron, J. M., & Johnson, A. H. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.12.002 · Cited by 100
Laraway, S., Snycerski, S., Pradhan, S., & Huitema, B. E. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00193-3 · Cited by 93
“Further, it has been shown (e.g., Huitema, 1979) that it is possible to train researchers to provide effect estimates from visual analyses that are similar to those provided by complex statistical analyses (see also, Fisher, Anderson, Peng, & Leek, 2014; Fisher et al., 2003).”
MethodBoesch, M. C., Wendt, O., Subramanian, A., & Hsu, N. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.12.002 · Cited by 85
Efficiency in functional analysis of problem behavior: A quantitative and qualitative review
Saini, V., Fisher, W. W., Retzlaff, B. J., & Keevy, M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.583 · Cited by 80
Self-citationGamification of Dietary Decision-Making in an Elementary-School Cafeteria
Jones, B. A., Madden, G. J., Wengreen, H. J., Aguilar, S., & Desjardins, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093872 · Cited by 81
“To evaluate the role of the intervention on consumption we used the Conservative Dual Criteria (CDC) method developed by Fisher, Kelly, and Lomas [31]: a method developed using Monte Carlo simulations to yield acceptable power and low rates of Type I error with time-series data sets as small as five observations in ba…”
MethodMeta‐analyses and effect sizes in applied behavior analysis: A review and discussion
Dowdy, A., Peltier, C. J., Tincani, M., Schneider, W. J., Hantula, D. A., & Travers, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.862 · Cited by 86
Dallery, J., & Raiff, B. R. (2014) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0258-z · Cited by 82
“, the presence of trends and autocorrelation [43, 50], the number of data points collected, etc.”
BackgroundLevin, J. R., Ferron, J. M., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2012) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.05.001 · Cited by 78
Praise Research Trends and Future Directions: Characteristics and Teacher Training
Floress, M. T., Beschta, S. L., Meyer, K. L., & Reinke, W. M. (2017) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/0198742917704648 · Cited by 75
A Primer on Single-Case Research Designs: Contemporary Use and Analysis
Ledford, J. R., Barton, E. E., Severini, K. E., & Zimmerman, K. N. (2019) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-124.1.35 · Cited by 74
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Stewart, K. K., Carr, J. E., Brandt, C. W., & McHenry, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.713-718 · Cited by 64
“Fisher et al. (2003) developed a new visual inspection aid, the dual criterion (DC) method.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIntensive treatment of dysarthria secondary to stroke
Mahler, L. A., & Ramig, L. O. (2012) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2012.696173 · Cited by 61
Oudejans, R. R. D., Koedijker, J. M., Bleijendaal, I., & Bakker, F. C. (2005) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2005.9671767 · Cited by 62
“The Binomial Tests determined whether there were sufficient data points in the intervention phase that lie above the performance trend projected from baseline to reject the null hypothesis that there was no change in performance across phases (Fisher et al., 2003; Shambrook & Bull, 1996).”
MethodA comparison of mean phase difference and generalized least squares for analyzing single-case data.
Manolov, R., & Solanas, A. (2013) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.12.005 · Cited by 65
Analyzing Therapeutic Change Using Modified Brinley Plots: History, Construction, and Interpretation
Blampied, N. M. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.002 · Cited by 67
Visual analysis of multiple baseline across participants graphs when change is delayed.
Lieberman, R. G., Yoder, P. J., Reichow, B., & Wolery, M. R. (2010) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0018600 · Cited by 60
Cañeiro, J. P., Smith, A. J., Linton, S. J., Moseley, G. L., & O’Sullivan, P. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.02.007 · Cited by 62
Yip, B. C. B., & Man, D. W. K. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699050903379412 · Cited by 59
“The Split-middle method [42, 43] analysis was also used to draw the trend lines in individual subjects’ computer built-in performances by the ‘celertion line’ approach (see Table V for steps used in computing trend lines).”
MethodMusti‐Rao, S., Hawkins, R. O., & Barkley, E. A. (2009) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.3200/psfl.54.1.12-23 · Cited by 59
Maggin, D. M., Barton, E. E., Reichow, B., Lane, K. L., & Shogren, K. A. (2021) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/07419325211051317 · Cited by 58
“However, it is important to acknowledge that research on methods and protocols for improving agreement across visual analysts have shown considerable promise and represent an avenue deserving of investment and continued development (e.g., Fisher et al., 2003; Wolfe et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDosing of a Cued Picture-Naming Treatment for Anomia
Harnish, S. M., Morgan, J., Lundine, J. P., Bauer, A., Singletary, F., Benjamin, M. L., Gonzalez Rothi, L. J., & Crosson, B. (2014) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0081 · Cited by 60
“Individual participant data were also graphed and analyzed according to the CDC method (Fisher et al., 2003).”
MethodManolov, R., Losada, J., Chacón-Moscoso, S., & Sanduvete-Chaves, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00032 · Cited by 53
“This criterion also relates to the need for easily trainable procedures (Fisher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundWhen the Truth Hits You Between the Eyes
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2011) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000042 · Cited by 55
Jessel, J., Metras, R., Hanley, G. P., Jessel, C., & Ingvarsson, E. T. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.544 · Cited by 55
Plavnick, J. B., & Ferreri, S. J. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9230-6 · Cited by 54
Falligant, J. M., Chin, M. D., & Kurtz, P. F. (2022) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1878 · Cited by 50
Single-case research design in pediatric psychology: considerations regarding data analysis.
Cohen, L., Feinstein, A., Masuda, A., & Vowles, K. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst065 · Cited by 54
A Visual Aid and Objective Rule Encompassing the Data Features of Visual Analysis
Manolov, R., & Vannest, K. J. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519854323 · Cited by 50
“For between-phases comparison, a well-known tool, highlighted by Kratochwill, Levin, Horner, and Swoboda (2014), is the Conservative Dual Criteria (CDC; Fisher, Kelley, & Lomas, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsing Single-Case Experiments to Support Evidence-Based Decisions
Lanovaz, M., & Rapp, J. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515613584 · Cited by 46
“Finally, our guidelines are based on the premise that SCEDs are best at identifying moderate-to-large improvements (Fisher et al., 2003; Kazdin, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodApplying mixed‐effects modeling to single‐subject designs: An introduction
DeHart, W. B., & Kaplan, B. A. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.507 · Cited by 47
Reciprocal peer tutoring and repeated reading: Increasing practicality using student groups
Oddo, M. R., Barnett, D. W., Hawkins, R. O., & Musti‐Rao, S. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20508 · Cited by 46
Ferron, J. M., Joo, S., & Levin, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.410 · Cited by 46
Linear Trend in Single-Case Visual and Quantitative Analyses
Manolov, R. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517726301 · Cited by 45
“In addition, we have included the conservative dual criterion (Fisher, Kelley, & Lomas, 2003), which is a visual aid for which there has already been evidence that it improves visual analysis (Stewart, Carr, Brandt, & McHenry, 2007; Wolfe & Slocum, 2015; Young & Daly, 2016) and that it performs…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSemantic feature analysis: Application to confrontation naming of actions in aphasia
Wambaugh, J. L., Mauszycki, S., & Wright, S. (2014) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2013.845739 · Cited by 44
“The lines were adjusted upwards in the direction of the expected treatment effect by 0.25 standard deviations and extended into each corresponding treatment phase (Fisher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFactors Affecting Visual Inference in Single-Case Designs
Ximenes, V. M., Manolov, R., Solanas, A., & Quera, V. (2009) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600002195 · Cited by 44
“One possibility is to incorporate visual aids, since there is some evidence that regression or trend lines can increase inter-rater agreement, reliability and decision accuracy (Bailey, 1984; Fisher et al., 2003; Hagopian et al., 1997; Hojem & Ottenbacher, 1988; Skiba et al., 1989).”
BackgroundA comparison of two approaches to training visual analysis of AB graphs
Wolfe, K., & Slocum, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.212 · Cited by 43
Williamson, P. S., Carnahan, C. R., Birri, N. L., & Swoboda, C. M. (2014) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466914521301 · Cited by 43
“Figure 3 contains the multiple baseline graph with intervention phase visual aides added using the CDC method (Fisher et al., 2003; Swoboda et al., 2010).”
MethodThe effects of rate control treatment on consonant production accuracy in mild apraxia of speech
Mauszycki, S. C., & Wambaugh, J. (2008) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030701800818 · Cited by 45
“In order to assist in visual inspection of these data, the conservative dual‐criterion method (CDC) described by Fisher, Kelly, and Lomas ( 2003 ) was utilised.”
MethodSaini, V., Fisher, W. W., & Retzlaff, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.450 · Cited by 42
Self-citationSelf-Empowerment of Immigrant Latina Survivors of Domestic Violence
Serrata, J. V., Hernández‐Martínez, M., & Macias, R. L. (2016) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/1540415316629681 · Cited by 39
Machine Learning to Analyze Single-Case Data: A Proof of Concept
Lanovaz, M. J., Giannakakos, A. R., & Destras, O. (2020) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-020-00244-0 · Cited by 40
“Three common aids that can be used with AB designs are the split-middle line for identifying trend (White & Haring, 1980), the dual-criteria method (DC) and the conservative dual-criteria method (CDC; Fisher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIt has been said that, “There are three degrees of falsehoods: Lies, damn lies, and statistics”
Fisher, W. W., & Lerman, D. C. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.01.001 · Cited by 41
Self-citationCattivelli, R., Castelnuovo, G., Musetti, A., Varallo, G., Spatola, C. A. M., Riboni, F. V., Usubini, A. G., Tosolin, F., Manzoni, G. M., Capodaglio, P., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2968-x · Cited by 41
“Detailed visual inspection and graphical analysis will be use, followed by a randomization test to ensure statistical power to the visual analysis [37, 38].”
MethodUsing the dual-criteria methods to supplement visual inspection: An analysis of nonsimulated data
Lanovaz, M. J., Huxley, S. C., & Dufour, M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.394 · Cited by 39
“Even though the DC method produces slightly more false positives than the CDC method, it is more powerful and thus produces fewer false negatives (Fisher et al., 2003).”
InfluentialEvaluating single-case research data for systematic review: A commentary for the special issue
Maggin, D. M., & Odom, S. L. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.01.002 · Cited by 38
Wolfe, K., Seaman, M. A., Drasgow, E., & Sherlock, P. (2018) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.453 · Cited by 37
Lundgren, K., Brownell, H., Cayer-Meade, C., Milione, J., & Kearns, K. P. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2010.500809 · Cited by 37
A Behavioral Manipulation Engages Right Frontal Cortex During Aphasia Therapy
Benjamin, M. L., Towler, S., Garcia, A., Park, H., Sudhyadhom, A., Harnish, S. M., McGregor, K., Zlatar, Z. Z., Reilly, J. J., Rosenbek, J. C., et al. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968313517754 · Cited by 37
Using Single-Case Designs in Practical Settings: Is Within-Subject Replication Always Necessary?
Lanovaz, M. J., Turgeon, S., Cardinal, P., & Wheatley, T. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-018-0138-9 · Cited by 36
“To examine the probability of replication, we applied the dual-criteria method of analysis (Fisher et al., 2003) to the three phase changes in each dataset (i.e., A1 to B1, B1 to A2, and A2 to B2). We selected the dual-criteria method because (a) visual structured criteria are more reliable and objective than visual a…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Decade of Evidence-Based Education
Detrich, R., & Lewis, T. (2012) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300712460278 · Cited by 36
“Judgments about visually displayed data improved when visual aids were made a part of the data presentation (Fisher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundA systematic review of functional analysis in pediatric feeding disorders
Saini, V., Kadey, H. J., Paszek, K. J., & Roane, H. S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.637 · Cited by 35
Sound Production Treatment: Effects of Blocked and Random Practice
Wambaugh, J. L., Nessler, C., Wright, S., & Mauszycki, S. C. (2014) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0072 · Cited by 35
Sound Production Treatment: Application with severe apraxia of speech
Wambaugh, J. L., & Mauszycki, S. C. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030903422494 · Cited by 35
“Additionally, the conservative dual-criteria (CDC; Fisher, Kelley, & Lomas, 2003 ) method was used as an aid to visual inspection to make a determination of treatment effects.”
The Application of Single-Case Research Designs to Study Elite Athletes’ Conditioning: An Update
Kinugasa, T. (2012) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2012.709578 · Cited by 34
“Furthermore, visual analysis using a validated method has shown to possess better statistical power to detect intervention effects than the ITSE method (Fisher, Kelley, & Lomas, 2003 ).”
MethodHow Many Tiers Do We Need? Type I Errors and Power in Multiple Baseline Designs
Lanovaz, M. J., & Turgeon, S. (2020) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-020-00263-x · Cited by 34
“Given that our concern involved power and that the dual-criteria method is more powerful than the conservative dual-criteria method (Fisher et al., 2003), our study only applied the dual-criteria method.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCombined Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Treatment (CAAST): effects of a novel therapy.
Wambaugh, J., Wright, S., Nessler, C., & Mauszycki, S. C. (2014) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-14-0004 · Cited by 27
Ward, R., Leitão, S., & Strauss, G. (2014) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.876662 · Cited by 32
Machine learning to analyze single‐case graphs: A comparison to visual inspection
Lanovaz, M. J., & Hranchuk, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.863 · Cited by 31
Dowdy, A., Jessel, J., Saini, V., & Peltier, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.899 · Cited by 31
A Simple Method to Control Positive Baseline Trend Within Data Nonoverlap
Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., & Davis, J. L. (2012) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466912456430 · Cited by 31
“Over the past few decades, there has been ongoing research on the training and supports that would enhance reliability of visual judgments from graphs (Ferron & Jones, 2006; Fisher, Kelley, & Lomas, 2003; Ximenes, Manolov, Solanas, & Quera, 2009).”
BackgroundTraining Front-Line Employees to Conduct Visual Analysis Using a Clinical Decision-Making Model
Kipfmiller, K. J., Brodhead, M. T., Wolfe, K., LaLonde, K. B., Sipila‐Thomas, E. S., Bak, M. Y. S., & Fisher, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-018-09318-1 · Cited by 31
“First, we used an autoregressive formula (Fisher et al. 2003; Wolfe and Slocum 2015; Young and Daly 2016) to generate graphs based on hypothetical rather than actual student data.”
MethodReporting Results of Single‐Case Studies
Hott, B. L., Limberg, D., Ohrt, J. H., & Schmit, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12039 · Cited by 30
Nonverbal Working Memory as a Predictor of Anomia Treatment Success
Harnish, S. M., & Lundine, J. P. (2015) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0153 · Cited by 30
“The mean and trend lines were then adjusted in the direction of predicted treatment effect by 0.25 SD as a “reasonable compromise between Type I and Type II errors” (Fisher et al., 2003, p. 387).”
MethodInfluentialUsing behavior contracts to improve behavior of children and adolescents in multiple settings
Edgemon, A. K., Rapp, J. T., Coon, J. C., Cruz‐Khalili, A., Brogan, K. M., & Richling, S. M. (2020) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1757 · Cited by 28
Semantic Feature Analysis: Further Examination of Outcomes
DeLong, C., Nessler, C., Wright, S., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2015) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0155 · Cited by 28
EEG Theta/Beta Ratio Neurofeedback Training in Healthy Females
Son, D. V., van der Does, W. A. J., Band, G. P. H., & Putman, P. (2020) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-020-09472-1 · Cited by 28
Falligant, J. M., Hagopian, L. P., Kranak, M. P., & Kurtz, P. F. (2022) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.769 · Cited by 27
The Impact of Baseline Trend Control on Visual Analysis of Single-Case Data
Mercer, S. H., & Sterling, H. E. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.11.004 · Cited by 27
The Use of Behavioral Skills Training to Teach Graph Analysis to Community Based Teachers
Maffei‐Almodovar, L., Feliciano, G., Fienup, D. M., & Sturmey, P. (2017) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-017-0199-3 · Cited by 25
“Finally, Fisher, Kelley, and Lomas (2003) conducted three studies to increase the accuracy of visual inspection methods in detecting treatment effects in A–”
BackgroundUsing dual‐criteria methods to supplement visual inspection: Replication and extension
Falligant, J. M., McNulty, M. K., Hausman, N. L., & Rooker, G. W. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.665 · Cited by 25
Modified Response Elaboration Training: Application to Procedural Discourse and Personal Recounts
Wambaugh, J. L., Nessler, C., & Wright, S. (2013) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0063 · Cited by 25
Detecting False Positives in Multielement Designs
Bartlett, S. M., Rapp, J. T., & Henrickson, M. L. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511415396 · Cited by 25
Martin, N., & Kalinyak-Fliszar, M. (2014) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.987049 · Cited by 7
“These shortcomings have been recognised and efforts to address them have been offered by Fisher et al. (2003) and others (e.g., Robey et al., 1999; Swoboda, Kratochwill, & Levin, 2010). Shewhart (1931) trend lines advocated by Robey et al. (1999) set criterion for a significant effect as two consecutive treatment prob…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing Nonoverlap in Single-Case Data: Strengths, Challenges, and Recommendations
Manolov, R., & Tanious, R. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-024-09552-w · Cited by 24
“The current double focus on visualization and quantification is well-aligned with previous recommendations (Fisher et al., 2003; Harrington & Velicer, 2015; Houle, 2009) and with recent texts on representing quantifications of effect (Ferron et al., 2024; Verboon & Peters, 2020).”
Blake, M., Tompkins, C., Scharp, V. L., Meigh, K. M., & Wambaugh, J. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.932290 · Cited by 20
“Fisher et al. (2003) provide criteria for the number of data points that must fall above both lines in order to conclude that positive change on the probe items is systematic and associated with the treatment.”
Intensive treatment of dysarthria in two adults with Down syndrome
Mahler, L. A., & Jones, H. N. (2012) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2011.632784 · Cited by 26
PELATIHAN REGULASI EMOSI UNTUK MENURUNKAN PERILAKU AGRESIF PADA ANAK
Syahadat, Y. M. (2013) · Humanitas Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.26555/humanitas.v10i1.326 · Cited by 24
Wambaugh, J. L., Nessler, C., Wright, S., Mauszycki, S. C., & DeLong, C. (2015) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1101161 · Cited by 24
Using a Visual Structured Criterion for the Analysis of Alternating-Treatment Designs
Lanovaz, M. J., Cardinal, P., & Francis, M. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517739278 · Cited by 24
Extrapolating baseline trend in single-case data: Problems and tentative solutions
Manolov, R., Solanas, A., & Sierra, V. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1165-x · Cited by 23
Rvachew, S., & Matthews, T. (2017) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.04.003 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, W. W., Kelley, M. E., & Lomas, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Wayne W.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 387-406
- ISSN
- 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3703
- PMC
- PMC1284456
- OpenAlex
- W2048320738
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (5 R01 HD37837-03)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd037837-03)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5 R01 HD37837-03)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Keywords
- visual inspection, single-case experimental design, type I error control, statistical power, interpreting accuracy, employee training, modeling, behavior analysis
- MeSH terms
- Audiovisual Aids, Behavior Therapy, Computer Graphics, Computer Simulation, Humans, Mathematical Computing, Monte Carlo Method, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Regression Analysis, Software, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation
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