Effects of ascorbic acid on gingival melanin pigmentation in vitro and in vivo
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gingival melanin pigmentation may cause esthetic concerns, even if no serious medical problem is present. As an inhibitor of melanin formation, ascorbic acid is often used to treat skin melanin pigmentation. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of ascorbic acid on gingival melanin pigmentation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The effects of ascorbic acid on melanin formation were evaluated in vitro in B16 mouse melanoma cells and three-dimensional human skin models. In addition, a clinical trial was performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of a gel containing ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AS-G gel) on gingival melanin pigmentation. This study used a double-masked, split-mouth design on 73 subjects with symmetric gingival melanin pigmentation. AS-G gel was applied to one side of the gingiva for 12 weeks, whereas placebo gel was applied to the other side as a control. Luminance (L*)-value, which describes the lightness of gingiva, was determined by spectrophotometry to obtain an objective measure of melanin pigmentation every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Ascorbic acid significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in B16 mouse melanoma cells (P <0.01 and P <0.05, respectively). The inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid on melanin formation were also significant in three-dimensional human skin models (P <0.01). Moreover, in the clinical trial, a significant relative change in pigmentation was seen after 4 weeks with the application of AS-G gel compared to placebo (L*-value ratio). CONCLUSION: Ascorbic acid (AS-G) has potential for the treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation.
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Vitamin C inhibits melanogenesis with low cytotoxicity, although some studies suggest that the role of vitamin C in inhibiting melanogenesis is very minor.
“A review of the literature indicates that vitamin C inhibits melanogenesis with low cytotoxicity, although some studies suggest that the role of vitamin C in inhibiting melanogenesis is very minor [67,68,69].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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How Effective Is Vitamin C for Gingival Depigmentation? A Scoping Review
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- Authors
- Shimada, Y., Tai, H., Tanaka, A., Ikezawa‐Suzuki, I., Takagi, K., Yoshida, Y., & Yoshie, H.
- Affiliations
- Niigata University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Yoshie, Hiromasa
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 317-323
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W1990521415
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
- Keywords
- gingival melanin pigmentation, vitamin C, ascorbic acid 2-glucoside, melanogenesis inhibition, tyrosinase activity, B16 melanoma, 3D skin model, gingival esthetics, luminance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gels, Gingival Diseases, Humans, Male, Melanins, Melanosis, Skin Pigmentation, Spectrophotometry, Monophenol Monooxygenase, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice
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