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Clarifying The Meaning Of Extracurricular Activity: A Literature Review Of Definitions
Open accessAbstract
Participation in extracurricular activities has long been recognized as having important benefits for business students, including the development of competencies relevant to future career success. Unfortunately, a review of the literature suggests that what constitutes an extracurricular activity remains ambiguous and unclear as no generally-accepted definition has been established in the literature. Instead, the meaning is often described in terms of examples. It is argued that the lack of a definition hampers research because it does not allow for proper classification of activities. The purpose of this study is to address this gap through a review of the relevant literature. Based on the review, definitions for extracurricular and co-curricular are proposed along with additional clarifications. Implications for scholars and academic advising are also provided.
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“Bartkus, Nemelka, Nemelka, and Gardner [27], through a comprehensive literature review, distinguished extra-curricular activities (those proceeding independently of academic coursework) from co-curricular activities (those intentionally aligned with the learning outcomes of formal curriculum).”
From Toward Sustainable AI Literacy in Higher Education: A Delphi–AHP Approach to Identifying Key Components of AI/Data Extracurricular Programs (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M., & Gardner, P.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Business Education (AJBE)
- Publisher
- Clute Institute
- Published
- 2012-10-30
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 693-704
- ISSN
- 1942-2504 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-2512
- OpenAlex
- W2117149004
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education and Employability
- Social Sciences › Education › Management and Marketing Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- extracurricular activities, definitions, co-curricular activities, business students, career development, competence development, academic advising
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