Double-Duty Caregiving, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Work–Life Balance Among Italian Healthcare Workers: A Descriptive Study
Open accessAbstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the multivariate relationships between variables related to burnout and job stress in healthcare workers, evaluating if the relationship between these dimensions, the variables related to personal factors (age, seniority of service), and work–family balance factors (overwork related to unused vacation days, accumulated overtime hours) change when the worker is engaged in double-caregiving activities. Indeed, the twofold activities of home caregiving and caring at work might expose workers to challenging situations. To accomplish our aim, we carried out network analyses on data from 466 workers (77.90% females). Participants completed the Link Burnout Questionnaire (LBQ) and the Job Satisfaction Scale (OSI). Contrary to expectations, the variables related to work–life balance played a marginal role with respect to job satisfaction and burnout risk for the whole sample. In addition, no significant differences emerged between workers who reported dual- caregiving tasks, compared with those who did not. However, some peculiar aspects of the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction emerged in the two subsamples. The findings are discussed, highlighting a framework for understanding the interactions among the assessed variables.
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Double-duty caregivers are increasingly common within the health and social care workforce.
“Within the health and social care workforce itself, double-duty caregivers, paid providers who also deliver substantial unpaid care at home, are increasingly common [19,20,21].”
From Home care comparison (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Section 1.1 defines double caregiving as informal care combined with formal work in healthcare, supporting the description of workers who provide care at home. The passages do not establish that double-duty caregivers are increasingly common in the health and social care workforce; the reported increase during COVID-19 concerns burnout, not their numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alberta, G. O., Mitchell, E. A., Services, A. H., Slaughter, E. A., Cruz, E. A., Haunch, E. A., Awosoga, E. A., & Parmar, E. A. (2026) · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Urban, A., Agus, M., Aru, N., Corona, F., Cantone, E., Cortese, C. G., & Nonnis, M.
- Affiliations
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Cagliari (IT)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Nonnis, Marcello
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-11-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-39
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405781730
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, job satisfaction, work-life balance, healthcare workers, occupational stress, overtime
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