The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue Is Justice
Open accessAbstract
Eliminating health disparities is a Healthy People goal. Given the diverse and sometimes broad definitions of health disparities commonly used, a subcommittee convened by the Secretary's Advisory Committee for Healthy People 2020 proposed an operational definition for use in developing objectives and targets, determining resource allocation priorities, and assessing progress. Based on that subcommittee's work, we propose that health disparities are systematic, plausibly avoidable health differences adversely affecting socially disadvantaged groups; they may reflect social disadvantage, but causality need not be established. This definition, grounded in ethical and human rights principles, focuses on the subset of health differences reflecting social injustice, distinguishing health disparities from other health differences also warranting concerted attention, and from health differences in general. We explain the definition, its underlying concepts, the challenges it addresses, and the rationale for applying it to United States public health policy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clapp, J., & Sen, A. (1999) · International Journal · doi:10.2307/40203469 · Cited by 13,411
A Theory of Justice: Original Edition
Rawls, J. (1971) · doi:10.4159/9780674042605 · Cited by 9,496
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
Social determinants of health: the solid facts
Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/yroj-yfcz · Cited by 2,709
Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale
(2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.8.1212 · Cited by 2,626
The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health
Whitehead, M. (1992) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/986l-lhq6-2vte-yrrn · Cited by 2,284
Socioeconomic Status in Health Research: One Size Does Not Fit All
Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., & Posner, S. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.22.2879 · Cited by 2,242
Self-citationBraveman, P., & Gruskin, S. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.254 · Cited by 1,826
Self-citationGama e Colombo, D. (2010) · Revista de Direito Sanitário · doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v10i3p253-266 · Cited by 1,788
Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention
Outcomes, A. H., Behrman, R. E., & Butler, A. S. (2007) · Cited by 1,577
Cited by
What are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear
Braveman, P. (2014) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549141291s203 · Cited by 860
Self-citationRacial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Health Care
Fiscella, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2016) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021439 · Cited by 517
Alcaraz, K. I., Wiedt, T. L., Daniels, E. C., Yabroff, K. R., Guerra, C. E., & Wender, R. C. (2020) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21586 · Cited by 530
Addressing Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health Through Healthy People 2030
Gómez, C. A., Kleinman, D. V., Pronk, N., Wrenn Gordon, G. L., Ochiai, E., Blakey, C., Johnson, A., & Brewer, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001297 · Cited by 355
Patel, M. I., Lopez, A. M., Blackstock, W., Reeder-Hayes, K., Moushey, E. A., Phillips, J., & Tap, W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.20.00642 · Cited by 338
Metadata
- Authors
- Braveman, P. A., Kumanyika, S., Fielding, J., LaVeist, T., Borrell, L. N., Manderscheid, R., & Troutman, A.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S149-S155
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1963629350
- Cited by
- 989
- References
- 48
- FWCI
- 23.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue Is Justice. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2105/ajph.2010.300062
- The paper
- Braveman, P. A., Kumanyika, S., Fielding, J., LaVeist, T., Borrell, L. N., Manderscheid, R., & Troutman, A. (2011). Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue Is Justice. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2010.300062
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
