The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water system without adequate corrosion control. Methods. We reviewed blood lead levels for children younger than 5 years before (2013) and after (2015) water source change in Greater Flint, Michigan. We assessed the percentage of elevated blood lead levels in both time periods, and identified geographical locations through spatial analysis. Results. Incidence of elevated blood lead levels increased from 2.4% to 4.9% (P < .05) after water source change, and neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced a 6.6% increase. No significant change was seen outside the city. Geospatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest elevated blood lead level increases and informed response prioritization during the now-declared public health emergency. Conclusions. The percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels increased after water source change, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Water is a growing source of childhood lead exposure because of aging infrastructure.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion
Schulz, A., & Northridge, M. E. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104265598 · Cited by 599
A deprivation index for health planning in Canada
Pampalon, R., Hamel, D., Gamache, P., & Raymond, G. (2009) · Chronic Diseases in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.29.4.05 · Cited by 570
Landrigan, P. J., Schechter, C. B., Lipton, J. M., Fahs, M. C., & Schwartz, J. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110721 · Cited by 529
Negroes in Cities, Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change
Rose, H. M., Taeuber, K. E., & Taeuber, A. F. (1966) · Economic Geography · doi:10.2307/142013 · Cited by 338
Gould, E. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800408 · Cited by 319
Edwards, M., Triantafyllidou, S., & Best, D. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es802789w · Cited by 278
Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change.
Glenn, N. D., Taeuber, K. E., & Taeuber, A. F. (1966) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575103 · Cited by 247
Societal Benefits of Reducing Lead Exposure
Schwartz, J. (1994) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.1994.1048 · Cited by 230
Fetal Death and Reduced Birth Rates Associated with Exposure to Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water
Edwards, M. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es4034952 · Cited by 165
Sen, A., Heredia, N., Senut, M.-C., Land, S., Hollocher, K., Lu, X., Dereski, M. O., & Ruden, D. M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14466 · Cited by 162
Chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water
Edwards, M. A., & Triantafyllidou, S. (2007) · American Water Works Association · doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb07984.x · Cited by 155
Association between Activity Space Exposure to Food Establishments and Individual Risk of Overweight
Kestens, Y., Lebel, A., Chaix, B., Clary, C. M., Daniel, M., Pampalon, R., Thériault, M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041418 · Cited by 137
The effects of the urban built environment on the spatial distribution of lead in residential soils
Schwarz, K., Pickett, S. T. A., Lathrop, R. G., Weathers, K. C., Pouyat, R. V., & Cadenasso, M. L. (2012) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.003 · Cited by 129
Effect of PHOSPHATE inhibitors on lead release from pipes
Edwards, M. A., & McNeill, L. S. (2002) · American Water Works Association · doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09383.x · Cited by 120
Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems
Miranda, M. L., Kim, D., Hull, A. P., Paul, C. J., & Galeano, M. A. O. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9432 · Cited by 78
Sadler, R. C., Gilliland, J., & Arku, G. (2012) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00624.x · Cited by 60
Self-citationNgueta, G., Abdous, B., Tardif, R., St‐Laurent, J., & Levallois, P. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1409144 · Cited by 52
Triantafyllidou, S., Gallagher, D. L., & Edwards, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2013.067 · Cited by 47
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Pediatric Lead Poisoning in 1987: The Silent Epidemic Continues
Landrigan, P. J., & Graef, J. W. (1987) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.79.4.582 · Cited by 25
Cited by
The Lancet Commission on pollution and health
Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Basu, N. (., Baldé, A. B., Bertollini, R., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Boufford, J. I., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32345-0 · Cited by 4,929
Inequality and the health-care system in the USA
Dickman, S. L., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30398-7 · Cited by 656
Sociohydrology: Scientific Challenges in Addressing the Sustainable Development Goals
Di Baldassarre, G., Sivapalan, M., Rusca, M., Cudennec, C., Garcia, M., Kreibich, H., Konar, M., Mondino, E., Mård, J., Pande, S., et al. (2019) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2018wr023901 · Cited by 532
Tools and methods in participatory modeling: Selecting the right tool for the job
Voinov, A., Jenni, K., Gray, S., Kolagani, N., Glynn, P. D., Bommel, P., Prell, C., Zellner, M., Paolisso, M., Jordan, R., et al. (2018) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.028 · Cited by 428
Potential impacts of changing supply-water quality on drinking water distribution: A review
Liu, G., Zhang, Y., Knibbe, W.-J., Feng, C., Liu, W., Medema, G., & van der Meer, W. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.031 · Cited by 339
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R. C., & Champney Schnepp, A.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 283-290
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2213487080
- Cited by
- 1,119
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 59.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
