Cited by 2,089Delphi Technique in ResearchReliability and Agreement in MeasurementMulti-Criteria Decision Making

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use

Fink, A, Kosecoff, J, Chassin, M, Brook, R H·1984·American Journal of Public Health

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Consensus methods are being used increasingly to solve problems in medicine and health. Their main purpose is to define levels of agreement on controversial subjects. Advocates suggest that, when properly employed, consensus strategies can create structured environments in which experts are given the best available information, allowing their solutions to problems to be more justifiable and credible than otherwise. This paper surveys the characteristics of several major methods (Delphi, Nominal Group, and models developed by the National Institutes of Health and Glaser) and provides guidelines for those who want to use the techniques. Among the concerns these guidelines address are selecting problems, choosing members for consensus panels, specifying acceptable levels of agreement, properly using empirical data, obtaining professional and political support, and disseminating results.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.74.9.979

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A Group Process Model for Problem Identification and Program Planning
Delbecq, A. L., & de Ven, A. H. V. (1971) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/002188637100700404 · Cited by 1,185
The nominal group as a research instrument for exploratory health studies.
de Ven, A. H. V., & Delbecq, A. L. (1972) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.62.3.337 · Cited by 640
Medical Assessment by a Delphi Group Opinion Technic
Milholland, A. V., Wheeler, S. G., & Heieck, J. J. (1973) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197306142882405 · Cited by 218
Using Delphi to achieve congruent objectives and activities in a pediatrics department
Loughlin, K. G., & Moore, L. F. (1979) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-197902000-00006 · Cited by 210
The NIH Consensus-Development Program and the Assessment of Health-Care Technologies
Perry, S., & Kalberer, J. T. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198007173030334 · Cited by 83
Formulating Priorities for Quality Assurance Activity
Williamson, J. (1978) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03280340051021 · Cited by 82
Using Behavioral Science Strategies for Defining the State-of-the-Art
Glaser, E. M. (1980) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/002188638001600107 · Cited by 55
Consensus Statements
Rennie, D. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198103123041110 · Cited by 53
Choice of preventive treatment for isoniazid-resistant tuberculous infection. Use of decision analysis and the Delphi technique
Jp, K. (1980) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.244.24.2736 · Cited by 47
Health Services Research for Decision-Makers: The Use of the Delphi Technique to Determine Health Priorities
Moscovice, I., Armstrong, P., Shortell, S. M., & Bennett, R. (1977) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-2-3-388 · Cited by 45

Show all 19 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

Loughlin KG, 1979, J Med Educ, 54, 101
Gustafson DH, 1975, Inquiry, 12, 251
Thomson WA, 1979, J Allied Health Behav Sci, 2, 383
Kumaran K, 1976, Dimens Health Serv, 53, 32
Goodale F, 1976, J Med Educ, 51, 897
Jellson IA: The National Drug Abuse Policy Delphi: progress report and findings to date. In: Lindstone HA, Turuff M (eds): The Delphi Method-Techniques and Applications. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
Starkweather DB, 1975, Inquiry, 12, 251
Gustafson DH, 1975, Inquiry, 12, 251
NIH Consensus Development Conference Summaries. 1981-0-341-132/ 3357, Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Govt Printing Office, 1980.
Hill RB, 1981, J Med Educ, 56, 537

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,001

Developing culturally congruent weight maintenance programs for African American church members
Seale, J. P., Fifield, J., Davis-Smith, Y. M., Satterfield, R., Thomas, J. G., Cole, B., Atkinson, M. J., & Boltri, J. M. (2012) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.708914 · Cited by 18
Metodología de calificación y resumen de las opiniones dentro de consensos formales
Sánchez, R., & González, L. E. J. (2009) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · Cited by 18
Development of a Hemodialysis Safety Checklist Using a Structured Panel Process
Silver, S. A., Thomas, A., Rathe, A., Robinson, P., Wald, R., Harel, Z., & Bell, C. M. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s40697-015-0039-8 · Cited by 21
The Mexican consensus on irritable bowel syndrome
Carmona-Sánchez, R., Icaza-Chávez, M. E., Bielsa-Fernández, M. V., Gomez-Escudero, O., Bosques‐Padilla, F., Coss‐Adame, E., Esquivel-Ayanegui, F., Flores-Rendón, Á. R., González-Martínez, M. A., Huerta-Iga, F. M., et al. (2016) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rgmxen.2016.01.004 · Cited by 19
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib therapy is effective in the treatment of bone metastasis from cancer of unknown primary: Identification of clinical and immunohistochemical biomarkers predicting survival
Ma, Y., Wang, Z., He, S., Xu, W., & Xiao, J. (2016) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30176 · Cited by 18
What is a good result after clubfoot treatment? A Delphi-based consensus on success by regional clubfoot trainers from across Africa
Smythe, T., Wainwright, A. M., Foster, A., & Lavy, C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190056 · Cited by 18
Developing agreement on never events in primary care dentistry: an international eDelphi study
Ensaldo‐Carrasco, E., Carson‐Stevens, A., Cresswell, K. M., Bedi, R., & Sheikh, A. (2018) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.351 · Cited by 18
Standards 2.0: Methodology Update
Tam, A. L., Findeiss, L., Dake, M. D., Collins, J. D., Liu, R. W., Haskal, Z. J., Vedantham, S., Holzer, S. E. S., & Marx, M. V. (2018) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2018.05.018 · Cited by 18
International consensus validation of the POPI tool (Pediatrics: Omission of Prescriptions and Inappropriate prescriptions) to identify inappropriate prescribing in pediatrics
Sadozaï, L., Sable, S., Roux, É. L., Coste, P., Guillot, C., Boizeau, P., Berthe-Aucejo, A., Angoulvant, F., Lorrot, M., Bourdon, O., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240105 · Cited by 18
Focusing on flu
Middleman, A. B., Short, M. B., & Doak, J. S. (2012) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.21575 · Cited by 18
Knowledge Acquisition for Medical Diagnosis Using Collective Intelligence
Hernández-Chan, G., Rodríguez‐González, A., Alor‐Hernández, G., Gómez-Berbís, J. M., Mayer, M. Á., & Posada, R. (2012) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-012-9886-3 · Cited by 18
Multi-disciplinary Quality Improvement Guidelines for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Superficial Venous Insufficiency with Ambulatory Phlebectomy from the Society of Interventional Radiology, Cardiovascular Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, American College of Phlebology and Canadian Interventional Radiology Association
Kundu, S., Grassi, C. J., Khilnani, N. M., Fanelli, F., Kalva, S. P., Khan, A. A., McGraw, J. K., Maynar, M., Millward, S. F., Owens, C. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.01.035 · Cited by 18
Prioritizing areas for quality marker development in children in UK general practice: extending the use of the nominal group technique
Gill, P. J., Hewitson, P., Peile, E., & Harnden, A. (2012) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cms006 · Cited by 18
Consenso sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile
y Abreu, A. T. A., Velasco, J. A. V.-R., Zavala-Solares, M. R., Remes-Troche, J. M., Carmona-Sánchez, R., Aldana-Ledesma, J. M., Camacho-Ortíz, A., Contreras-Omaña, R., Díaz-Seoane, R., Elizondo-Vázquez, C. T., et al. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México · doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2018.12.001 · Cited by 20
Quality improvement guidelines for adult diagnostic neuroangiography
Citron, S. J., Wallace, R. C., Lewis, C. A., Dawson, R. C., Dion, J. E., Fox, A. J., Manzione, J. V., Payne, C. S., Rivera, F. J., Russell, E. J., et al. (2000) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · Cited by 18
Room for improvement?
Stheeman, S. E., Mileman, P. A., Hot, M. V., & van der Stelt, P. F. (1996) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80425-2 · Cited by 18
Assessment of Cost-Effective Antibiotic Therapy in the Management of Infections in Cancer Patients
Cimino, M. A., Rotstein, C., & Moser, J. E. (1994) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002809402800120 · Cited by 18
A modified Delphi to define drug dosing errors in pediatric critical care
Roumeliotis, N., Pullenayegum, E., Rochon, P. A., Taddio, A., & Parshuram, C. S. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02384-3 · Cited by 17
Quality of Care Indicators for Hospital Physical Therapy Units: A Systematic Review
García, D. Á., Nicolás, I. M., Salmeri, B., & Monot, A. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab261 · Cited by 20
Omega-3 fatty acids: Current insights into mechanisms of action in systemic lupus erythematosus
Salek, M., Hooshiar, S. H., Salek, M., Poorebrahimi, M., & Jafarnejad, S. (2022) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033221140724 · Cited by 19
Building consensus in defining and conceptualizing acceptability of healthcare: A Delphi study
Bucyibaruta, J. B., Peu, M. D., Bamford, L., van der Wath, A., Dyer, T. A., Murphy, A. L., Gatabazi, P., Anokwuru, R., Muhire, I., Coetzee, C. A., et al. (2022) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13153 · Cited by 17
Comparison of four methods for assessing the importance of attitudinal beliefs: An international D elphi study in intensive care settings
Francis, J., Duncan, E., Prior, M. E., MacLennan, G., Marshall, A. P., Wells, E. C., Todd, L. E., Rose, L., Campbell, M., Webster, F., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12066 · Cited by 18
Reclassification of ICD-9 Codes into Meaningful Categories for Oncology Survivorship Research
Rassekh, S. R., Lorenzi, M. F., Lee, L., Devji, S., McBride, M. L., & Goddard, K. (2010) · Journal of Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1155/2010/569517 · Cited by 17
SAGES research agenda in gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgery: updated results of a Delphi study
Stefanidis, D., Montero, P. N., Urbach, D. R., Qureshi, A. P., Perry, K. A., Bachman, S. L., Madan, A. K., Petersen, R. P., & Pryor, A. D. (2014) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3535-5 · Cited by 17
Assessment Tool for Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Delphi Consensus Survey Among International Experts
Tremblay, C., Grantcharov, T., Urquia, M. L., & Satkunaratnam, A. (2014) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30416-3 · Cited by 17
Guidelines for patient selection and performance of carotid artery stenting
The Carotid Stenting Guidelines Committee (2010) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05330.x · Cited by 17
Development of Patient-Centered Disability Status Questions to Address Equity in Care
Morris, M. A., Lagu, T. C., Maragh‐Bass, A. C., Liesinger, J. T., & Griffin, J. M. (2017) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2017.06.011 · Cited by 17
Undergraduate teaching and assessment methods in prosthodontics curriculum: An international Delphi survey
Khalaf, K. A., Moore, C., McKenna, G. J., da Mata, C., & Lynch, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104207 · Cited by 18
Research on injury prevention: topics for systematic review
Rivara, F. P., Johansen, J. M., & Thompson, D. C. (2002) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.8.2.161 · Cited by 17
Use of multiple perspectives and decision modeling for PV technology assessment
Sheikh, N. J., Daim, T. U., & Kocaoglu, D. F. (2011) · Cited by 17
Identification of foundational non-clinical attributes necessary for successful transition to residency: a modified Delphi study with experienced medical educators
Wolf, S. J., Lockspeiser, T. M., Gong, J., & Guiton, G. (2018) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1247-6 · Cited by 18
A four-stage process for intervention description and guide development of a practice-based intervention: refining the Namaste Care intervention implementation specification for people with advanced dementia prior to a feasibility cluster randomised trial
Walshe, C., Kinley, J., Patel, S., Goodman, C. M., Bunn, F., Lynch, J. K., Scott, D. R. M., Lund, A. D., Stacpoole, M., Preston, N. J., et al. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1275-z · Cited by 17
Orthopaedic trauma research priority-setting exercise and development of a research network
Willett, K. M., Gray, B. M., Moran, C. G., Giannoudis, P. V., & Pallister, I. (2010) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2010.03.026 · Cited by 17
Factors associated with physiotherapists' confidence during assessment of clinical cervical and lumbar spine instability
Cook, C. E., Brismée, J., & Sizer, P. (2005) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.27 · Cited by 17
The structure and structural effects of VA rehabilitation bedservice care for stroke.
Reker, D. M., Hoenig, H., Zolkewitz, M. A., Sloane, R. J., Horner, R. D., Hamilton, B. B., & Duncan, P. W. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 17
Cost implications of alternative treatments for aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin b-based therapies
Buxton, M. J., Dubois, D. J., Turner, R. R., Sculpher, M. J., Robinson, P. A., & Searcy, C. (1991) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/0163-4453(91)93975-i · Cited by 17
Orthopaedics, Ethics, and Industry
Lubahn, J. D., Mankin, C. J., Mankin, H. J., & Kuhn, P. J. (2000) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-200002000-00031 · Cited by 17
Mechanical Thrombectomy Access Score: A Systematic Review and Modified Delphi of Global Barriers to Endovascular Therapy
Aroor, S., Zevallos, C. B., Asif, K. S., Singh, N., Potter‐Vig, J., Rodríguez-Calienes, A., Menon, B. K., Ganesh, A., Saver, J. L., Kamel, H., et al. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.124.047805 · Cited by 16
Expert consensus on feasibility and application of automatic pain assessment in routine clinical use
Cascella, M., Ponsiglione, A. M., Santoriello, V., Romano, M., Cerrone, V., Esposito, D., Montedoro, M., Pellecchia, R., Savoia, G., Bianco, G. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s44158-025-00249-8 · Cited by 16
Patients with cancer. Is there a role for chiropractic?
Laoudikou, M. T., & McCarthy, P. W. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 16
Development of Training Materials for Pathologists to Provide Machine Learning Validation Data of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer
Garcia, V. L., Elfer, K. N., Peeters, D. J. E., Ehinger, A., Werness, B., Ly, A., Li, X., Hanna, M. G., Blenman, K., Salgado, R., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14102467 · Cited by 16
IMpleMenting Effective infection prevention and control in ReSidential aged carE (IMMERSE): protocol for a multi-level mixed methods implementation study
Tropea, J., Peters, S., Francis, J., Bennett, N. J., Fetherstonhaugh, D., Buising, K. L., Lim, L., Marshall, C. L., Flynn, M., Murray, M. D., et al. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03766-9 · Cited by 16
Communication as a key component of deprescribing: Conceptual framework and review of the literature
Fried, T. R., Ouyang, N., Gnjidic, D., Green, A. R., Hilmer, S. N., Holmes, H. M., Ko, S., Mecca, M. C., Reeve, E., Reyes, C. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.19305 · Cited by 16
Prioritizing performance and outcome indicators for quality assessment of cancer screening programs in the EU
Sheridan, B., Irzaldy, A., Heijnsdijk, E. A. M., Dimitrova, N., Senore, C., Basu, P. S., & de Koning, H. J. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.010 · Cited by 16
Use of a formal consensus development technique to produce recommendations for improving the effectiveness of adult mental health multidisciplinary team meetings
Raine, R., Bháird, C. N. A., Xanthopoulou, P., Wallace, I., Ardron, D., Harris, M., Barber, J., Prentice, A., Gibbs, S., King, M., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0534-6 · Cited by 16
Measuring Changes in Client-Level Treatment Process in the Therapeutic Community (TC) with the Dimensions of Change Instrument (DCI)
Paddock, S. M., Edelen, M. O., Wenzel, S. L., Ebener, P. A., Mandell, W., & Dahl, J. (2007) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990701407439 · Cited by 16
Staged decision making was an attractive alternative to a plenary approach in panel diagnosis as reference standard
Bertens, L. C. M., van Mourik, Y., Rutten, F. H., Cramer, M. J., Lammers, J. J., Hoes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., & Moons, K. G. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.020 · Cited by 16
Early management of COPD: where are we now and where do we go from here? A Delphi consensus project
Marco, F. D., Balbo, P. E., Blasio, F. D., Cardaci, V., Crimi, N., Girbino, G., Pelaia, G., Pirina, P., Roversi, P., Santus, P., et al. (2019) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s176662 · Cited by 16
Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
y Abreu, A. T. A., Velasco, J. A. V.-R., Zavala-Solares, M. R., Remes-Troche, J. M., Carmona-Sánchez, R., Aldana-Ledesma, J. M., Camacho-Ortíz, A., Contreras-Omaña, R., Díaz-Seoane, R., Elizondo-Vázquez, C. T., et al. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rgmxen.2018.12.002 · Cited by 16
Core Elements of Shared Decision-making for Women Considering Breast Cancer Screening: Results of a Modified Delphi Survey
Croes, K. D., Jones, N. R., DuBenske, L. L., Schrager, S., Mahoney, J., Little, T. A., & Burnside, E. S. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05298-8 · Cited by 17
Outcome measurement in speech and language therapy: a digital journey
Moyse, K., Enderby, P., Chadd, K. E., Gadhok, K., Bedwell, M., & Guest, P. (2020) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2019-100085 · Cited by 16
Developing educators of European undergraduate dental students: Towards an agreed curriculum
Chuenjitwongsa, S., Oliver, R. G., & Bullock, A. D. (2017) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12306 · Cited by 16
Cross-cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of a zygosity determination questionnaire for twins in Sri Lanka
Sumathipala, A., Silva, N. D., Siribaddana, S., Abeysingha, M., & Fernando, D. (2000) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.3.4.205 · Cited by 16
The Economic Significance of Hunting Tourism in East Lapland, Finland
Matilainen, A., Keskinarkaus, S., & Törmä, H. (2016) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2016.1129652 · Cited by 16
Brazilian health-care policy for targeted oncology therapies and companion diagnostic testing
Ferreira, C. G., Achatz, M. I., Ashton‐Prolla, P., Begnami, M. D., Marchini, F. K., & Stefani, S. D. (2016) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30171-1 · Cited by 16
Patient safety priorities in mental healthcare in Switzerland: a modified Delphi study
Mascherek, A., & Schwappach, D. L. B. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011494 · Cited by 16
A MATURITY MODEL FOR CARE PATHWAYS
Schriek, M. M., Türetken, O., & Kaymak, U. (2016) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 16
Consenso mexicano sobre estreñimiento crónico
Remes-Troche, J. M., Coss‐Adame, E., López‐Colombo, A., Amieva‐Balmori, M., Sánchez, R. C., Guindic, L. C., Rendón, R. F., Escudero, O. G., Martínez, M. G., Chávez, M. E. I., et al. (2018) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México · doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.12.005 · Cited by 19
Quality Improvement Research
Johnson, C., Glasgow, M. E. S., & Guimond, M. E. (2016) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826126993.0004 · Cited by 16
Diagnostic confidence and the accuracy of treatment decisions for radiopaque periapical lesions
Stheeman, S. E., Mileman, P. A., Hof, M. A. V., & van der Stelt, P. F. (1995) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1995.tb00285.x · Cited by 16
Variation in the Quality of Lumbar Spine MR Images in Washington State
Jarvik, J. G., Robertson, W. D., Wessbecher, F., Reger, K. M., Solomon, C. C., Whitten, R. W., Lumley, T., & Deyo, R. A. (2000) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.215.2.r00ma35483 · Cited by 16
Consumer Contributions in Developing Clinical Practice Guidelines
Lanza, M. L., & Ericsson, A. (2000) · Journal of Nursing Care Quality · doi:10.1097/00001786-200001000-00006 · Cited by 16
Influence of projected complication rates on estimated appropriate use rates for carotid endarterectomy. Appropriateness Project Investigators. Academic Medical Center Consortium.
Matchar, D. B., Oddone, E. Z., McCrory, D. C., Goldstein, L. B., Landsman, P. B., Samsa, G. P., Brook, R. H., KAMBERG, C. J., Hilborne, L. H., Leape, L. L., et al. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 16
Practice guidelines in surgery
Wright, J. G., McLeod, R. S., Mahoney, J., Lossing, A., & Hu, X. (1996) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0039-6060(96)80197-8 · Cited by 16
Using Scientific Information to Improve Quality of Health Care
Brook, R. H. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26337.x · Cited by 16
Consensus development for producing diagnostic procedure guidelines: SPECT brain perfusion imaging with exametazime.
Fletcher, J. W., Woolf, S. H., & Royal, H. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Deliberations on the Dissemination of PORT Products
Goldberg, H. I., Cummings, M. A., Steinberg, E. P., Ricci, E. M., Shannon, T. E., Soumerai, S. B., Mittman, B. S., EISENBERG, J., Heck, D. A., Kaplan, S. H., et al. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199407001-00008 · Cited by 16
What should primary care providers know about pediatric skin conditions? A modified Delphi technique for curriculum development
Feigenbaum, D. F., Boscardin, C., Frieden, I. J., & Mathes, E. F. D. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.032 · Cited by 15
Analysis of the process of representing clinical statements for decision-support applications: a comparison of openEHR archetypes and HL7 virtual medical record
González-Ferrer, A., Mor Peleg, B., Marcos, M., & Maldonado, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-016-0524-3 · Cited by 15
Items for consideration in a reporting guideline for mediation analyses: a Delphi study
Cashin, A. G., McAuley, J. H., Lamb, S. E., Hopewell, S., Kamper, S. J., Williams, C. M., Henschke, N., & Lee, H. (2020) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111406 · Cited by 16
Replication target selection in clinical psychology: A Bayesian and qualitative reevaluation.
Pittelkow, M.-M., Hoekstra, R., Karsten, J., & van Ravenzwaaij, D. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/cps0000013 · Cited by 17
Generating consensus on road safety issues and priorities in Ghana: A modified Delphi approach
Mešić, A., Damsere-Derry, J., Gyedu, A., Mock, C., Larley, J., Opoku, I., Wuaku, D. H., Kitali, A. E., Osei‐Ampofo, M., Donkor, P., et al. (2023) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.04.052 · Cited by 15
Historical Insights and Current Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes
Simmons, K. M., Frohnert, B. I., O’Donnell, H. K., BAUTISTA, K. A., Rasmussen, C. G., Gonzalez, A. G., Steck, A. K., & Rewers, M. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0276 · Cited by 16
Event-Triggered Connectivity-Preserving Consensus of Multiagent Systems Under Directed Graphs
Chen, C., Gao, X., & Xiang, Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3444000 · Cited by 15
Social frailty in older adults: A concept analysis
Pradana, A. A., Gobbens, R. J. J., Chiu, H., Lin, C., & Lee, S. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105729 · Cited by 15
Supporting living well with hearing loss: A Delphi review of self-management support
Barker, F., Munro, K. J., & de Lusignan, S. (2015) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2015.1037019 · Cited by 15
Investigating Discrete Event Simulation Method to Assess the Effectiveness of Wearable Health Monitoring Devices
Radhakrishnan, S., Duvvuru, A., & Kamarthi, S. V. (2014) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00248-2 · Cited by 15
Methodology for the development of a Canadian national EMS research agenda
Jensen, J. L., Blanchard, I. E., Bigham, B. L., Dainty, K. N., Socha, D., Carter, A. J. E., Brown, L. H., Craig, A. M., Travers, A. H., Brown, R., et al. (2011) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-227x-11-15 · Cited by 15
Which Behavior Change Techniques May Help Waterpipe Smokers to Quit? An Expert Consensus Using a Modified Delphi Technique
O’Neill, N., Dogar, O. F., Jawad, M., Keller, I., Kanaan, M. N., & Siddiqi, K. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw297 · Cited by 15
Prioritizing quality measure concepts at the interface of behavioral and physical healthcare
Pincus, H. A., Li, M., Scharf, D. M., Spaeth‐Rublee, B., Goldman, M. L., Ramanuj, P., & Ferenchick, E. K. (2017) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzx071 · Cited by 15
A Delphi consensus study for teaching “Basic Trauma Management” to third-year medical students
Berger‐Estilita, J., Nabecker, S., & Greif, R. T. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-019-0675-6 · Cited by 15
General care in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: Latin American consensus
Godoy, D. A., Videtta, W., Cruz, R. S., Silva, X., Aguilera-Rodríguez, S., Carreño, J. N., Ciccioli, F., Piñero, G., Ciro, J. D., da Re-Gutiérrez, S., et al. (2020) · Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medine.2020.08.003 · Cited by 15
Scapula revisited: new features identified and denoted by terms using consensus method of Delphi and taxonomy panel to be implemented in radiologic and surgical practice
Al‐Redouan, A., & Kachlík, D. (2021) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.020 · Cited by 15
Quality Improvement Guidelines for Adult Diagnostic Cervicocerebral Angiography: Update Cooperative Study between the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), and Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS)
Wojak, J. C., Abruzzo, T. A., Bello, J. A., Blackham, K. A., Hirsch, J. A., Jayaraman, M. V., Dariushnia, S. R., Meyers, P. M., Midia, M., Russell, E. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2015.07.002 · Cited by 15
Building a shared patient record for breast cancer management: a French Delphi study
Letrilliart, L., Guittard, L., Romestaing, P., Schott, A., Berthoux, N., & Colin, C. (2009) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2007.00887.x · Cited by 15
Curriculum development for a national cardiotocography education program: a Delphi survey to obtain consensus on learning objectives
Thellesen, L., Hedegaard, M. S., Bergholt, T., Colov, N. P., Høgh, S., & Sørensen‎, J. L. (2015) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.12662 · Cited by 15
Consensus Planning Toward a Community-Based Approach to Promote Physical Activity in Youth with Cerebral Palsy
Gorter, J. W., Galuppi, B. E., Gulko, R., Wright, M. J., & Godkin, E. (2016) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942638.2015.1127868 · Cited by 15
Consensus-based training and assessment model for general surgery
Szász, P., Louridas, M., de Montbrun, S. L., Harris, K. A., & Grantcharov, T. (2016) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.10103 · Cited by 17
Making Disaster Care Count: Consensus Formulation of Measures of Effectiveness for Natural Disaster Acute Phase Medical Response
Daftary, R. K., Cruz, A. T., Reaves, E. J., Burkle, F. M., Christian, M. D., Fagbuyi, D. B., Garrett, A. L., Kapur, G. B., & Sirbaugh, P. E. (2014) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x14000922 · Cited by 15
What really matters in pediatric chronic pain rehabilitation? Results of a multi-stakeholder nominal group technique study
Hurtubise, K., Brousselle, A., Noel, M. E., & Camden, C. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1532462 · Cited by 16
Exploring prevention and mitigation strategies to reduce the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildfires for wildland firefighters and related personnel: protocol of a scoping study
Koopmans, E., Fyfe, T., Eadie, M., & Pelletier, C. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01381-y · Cited by 17
Guidelines Regarding HIV and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Vascular/Interventional Radiology
Hansen, M. E., Bakal, C. W., Dixon, G. D., Eschelman, D. J., Horton, K. M., Katz, M., Olcott, E. W., & Sacks, D. (1997) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(97)70629-8 · Cited by 15
Validation of triage criteria for deciding which apparently inebriated persons require emergency department care
Flower, K., Post, A., Sussman, J. B., Tangherlini, N. L., Mendelson, J. E., & Pletcher, M. J. (2010) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.2009.089763 · Cited by 15
Priorities for research in Emergency Medical Services for Children: Results of a consensus conference
Seidel, J. S., Henderson, D., Tittle, S., Jaffe, D. M., Spaite, D. W., Dean, J. M., Gausche, M., Lewis, R. J., Cooper, A., ZARITSKY, A. L., et al. (1999) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0099-1767(99)70122-4 · Cited by 15
A Curriculum for the Ideal Orthopaedic Residency
Mankin, H. J., Mankin, C. J., Akeson, W. H., Dick, H. M., Friedlaender, G. E., Radin, E. L., & Simon, M. A. (1997) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-199706000-00036 · Cited by 15
Estimating Rural Health Professional Requirements: An Assessment of Current Methodologies*
Pathman, D. E. (1991) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1991.tb01021.x · Cited by 15
Rising to the challenge: an international Delphi consensus study on fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Pothof, R., Marle, M. E. V. D. A., de Vos, T. W., Tiller, H., Bussel, J. B., Ahlén, M. T., Curtis, B. R., Lopriore, E., Verweij, E. J. T., & de Haas, M. (2025) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(25)00029-8 · Cited by 14
Assessment of functional recovery in patients with schizophrenia, with a focus on early-phase disease: results from a Delphi consensus and narrative review
Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Yıldırım, M., Madera‐McDonough, J., Fagiolini, A. M., Arango, C., Correll, C. U., Arcà, E., Barlassina, A., Selveindran, S. M., Sahota, N., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06725-3 · Cited by 14
Identifying Priority Student Leadership and Professionalism Attributes Among Faculty, Preceptors, and Students via Modified Delphi
Zeeman, J. M., Kiser, S., Steeb, D. R., & Hubal, R. C. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8076 · Cited by 14
European Guideline on Chronic Nausea and Vomiting—A UEG and ESNM Consensus for Clinical Management
Malagelada, C., Keller, J., Sifrim, D., Serra, J., Tack, J., Mulak, A., Stengel, A., Aguilar, A., Drewes, A. M., Josefsson, A., et al. (2025) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.12711 · Cited by 8

Authors: Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M., & Brook, R. H.
ORCID: Fink, A
Brook, R H
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1984-09
Volume: 74
Issue: 9
Pages: 979-983
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.74.9.979
OpenAlex: W2168909631
Cited by: 2,089
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 55.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Keywords: consensus methods, Delphi method, nominal group technique, expert panel, health policy decision-making
MeSH terms: Decision Making, Delphi Technique, Humans, Methods, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Research Design, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks