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Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use
Abstract
Consensus methods are being used increasingly to solve problems in medicine and health. Their main purpose is to define levels of agreement on controversial subjects. Advocates suggest that, when properly employed, consensus strategies can create structured environments in which experts are given the best available information, allowing their solutions to problems to be more justifiable and credible than otherwise. This paper surveys the characteristics of several major methods (Delphi, Nominal Group, and models developed by the National Institutes of Health and Glaser) and provides guidelines for those who want to use the techniques. Among the concerns these guidelines address are selecting problems, choosing members for consensus panels, specifying acceptable levels of agreement, properly using empirical data, obtaining professional and political support, and disseminating results.
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“CPGs specifying methods reported formal consensus through Delphi [35] or Glaser-like [36] techniques (19%), informal consensus (that is, no mention of specific or recognized techniques, or insufficient detail; 31%), or a voting system (18%).”
In the citing paper
“The UEG/ESNM began a Delphi process to develop consensus statements on chronic nausea and vomiting in collaboration with other European societies, applying the adapted RAND/UCLA modified Delphi panel method [ 3 , 4 ]”
From European Guideline on Chronic Nausea and Vomiting—A UEG and ESNM Consensus for Clinical Management (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M., & Brook, R. H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 1984-09
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 979-983
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2168909631
- Cited by
- 2,089
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 55.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Multi-Criteria Decision Making
- Keywords
- consensus methods, Delphi method, nominal group technique, expert panel, health policy decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Decision Making, Delphi Technique, Humans, Methods, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Research Design, United States
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